…In the UK and the US, contempt of court is divided into two types: one is to impose sanctions on those who disrupt a trial by disturbing the courtroom or around the courtroom, or for insulting the court or judge, and the other is to impose indirect coercive measures to enforce a court order, such as detaining a person who does not comply with an injunction issued by the court until he complies or imposing a fixed amount of fine for each day. The former is called "criminal contempt" and the latter is called "civil contempt." In the UK and the US, judges had the authority to impose sanctions for contempt of court by their own authority (except for some lower courts whose jurisdiction is limited by the matter and amount of the claim), but in recent years, an increasing number of jurisdictions (countries or states, etc.) have enacted laws to impose criminal contempt of court only when a public prosecution is filed by the prosecutor, on the grounds that criminal contempt is not fundamentally different in nature from general crimes in that it is a sanction for past illegal acts. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "civil contempt" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…英米のコンテンプト・オブ・コートは,法廷内または裁判所周辺で騒いで審理を妨害するとか,裁判所または裁判官を侮辱するような行為をしたことに対して制裁を加える場合と,裁判所が出したインジャンクション(差止命令)に従わない者に対し,従うまでその身柄を拘置しあるいは1日ごとに一定額の制裁金を科するなど,裁判所の命令の実現を図るための間接強制の手段としての場合の,二つに分けられる。前者を〈刑事的裁判所侮辱criminal contempt〉,後者を〈民事的裁判所侮辱civil contempt〉という。 英米の裁判官は,(管轄権に事物・訴額などで制限のある下位裁判所のうちの一部を除き)職権で裁判所侮辱の制裁を科する権限をもっていたが,近年,刑事的裁判所侮辱については,過去の違法行為に対する制裁であるという点で一般の犯罪と基本的には性質を異にするものではないという理由で,法律を制定して,検察官によって公訴が提起されたときに限ってこれを科しうるのを原則とする法域(国または州など)が増えてきた。… ※「civil contempt」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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