…The first bright lens was a portrait lens with four elements in three groups (F3.7) designed by the Vienna mathematician Josef Max Petzval (1807-91). For this new lens, the Vienna optical dealer Voigtländer made an all-metal camera with a stand, which for the first time shortened the exposure time to one or two minutes even in the shade. In 1851, British photographer Frederick Scott Archer (1813-57) invented wet plate photography, and cameras with bellows for easy portability became common. From this time on, a distinction was made between field cameras for use outdoors and studio cameras for indoor use only. … From [Wet Plate Photography]...To fix a photographic image, a potassium cyanide solution is used as a fixative because silver iodide dissolves well in potassium cyanide. Wet plate photography was introduced in 1851 by British photographer Frederick Scott Archer (1813-57). Wet plate photography was more sensitive than the daguerreotype photography used at the time and the silver iodide-sensitive paper invented by WHF Talbot, and produced clearer photographs. At the time, negative images taken with wet plates were placed directly on velvet and viewed as positive images using reflected light, because the technology of printing negatives to produce positives had not yet become widespread. [Photo]...This is called the talbotype or calotype. In 1851, British photographer Frederick Scott Archer (1813-57) announced the collodion wet plate method, in which silver iodide was dispersed in collodion (nitrocellulose dissolved in ether), applied to a glass plate, and a photograph was taken while it was still wet (wet plate photography). After that, research into photosensitive materials progressed rapidly, and in 1871 the silver bromide gelatin emulsion, the prototype of the emulsion used in modern photographic film, was invented by British photographer R.L. Maddox, which significantly increased the sensitivity of photographic materials and made them easier to handle. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Archer, FS" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…最初の明るいレンズは,ウィーンの数学者ペッツバルJosef Max Petzval(1807‐91)が設計したポートレート用レンズ3群4枚構成(F3.7)で,この新しいレンズのために同じくウィーンの光学商フォクトレンダーが全金属(シンチュウ)製でスタンド付きのカメラを作り,これによって初めて露出を日陰でも1~2分に短縮することができた。1851年,イギリスのアーチャーFrederick Scott Archer(1813‐57)が湿板写真を発明するとともにカメラは携帯容易な蛇腹付きのものが一般的になった。このころから野外で使用するフィールドカメラと室内専用のスタジオカメラの区別が生ずる。… 【湿板写真】より…写真像を定着するにはヨウ化銀がシアン化カリウム水溶液によく溶解することから,シアン化カリウム水溶液を定着液として用いる。湿板写真は1851年,イギリスのアーチャーFrederick Scott Archer(1813‐57)が発表した方法で,湿板は,当時使われていた銀板写真や,W.H.F.タルボットの発明したヨウ化銀感光紙に比べて感度が高く,得られる写真が鮮明であった。当時は湿板で撮影した写真のネガ像をそのままビロードの上に置いて反射光線でポジ像として観察したが,これはネガを焼き付けてポジを作る技術がまだ普及していなかったためである。… 【写真】より…これをタルボタイプtalbotypeまたはカロタイプcalotypeと呼ぶ。51年にはイギリスのアーチャーFrederick Scott Archer(1813‐57)がヨウ化銀をコロジオン(ニトロセルロースをエーテルに溶解したもの)に分散してガラス板に塗布し,乾かない間に写真を撮影するというコロジオン湿板法を発表した(湿板写真)。 その後,感光材料の研究は急速に進んで1871年には現在の写真フィルムの乳剤の原型である臭化銀ゼラチン乳剤がイギリスのR.L.マドックスによって考案され,写真感光材料の感度が著しく高くなり取扱いも容易になった。… ※「Archer,F.S.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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