Ethnicity (English spelling)

Japanese: エスニシティ(英語表記)ethnicity
Ethnicity (English spelling)
An anthropological term referring to a sense of identity or belonging among groups that share cultural traits such as language, social values, beliefs, religion, food habits, and customs, as well as a sense of shared history. It is sometimes translated as "ethnicity." Although ethnic groups often have regional ties, many have been driven from their homes or have dispersed to various places in search of new lands. Nation-states that aim for political unity tend to dislike ethnic diversity and have often attempted to eliminate certain ethnic groups. Notable examples include the expulsion of the Moors (Berbers) and Jews from Spain in the 15th century, the Nazi policy against the Jews during World War II (→ Holocaust), and the expulsion of Arabs and East Indians from several African countries that gained independence in the 1960s and 1970s (→ Asian Expulsion). Today, many countries have adopted some form of pluralism, usually a combination of tolerance, interdependence, and separatism. For example, in Switzerland, the three main ethnic groups live in separate cantons, each of which is granted a large degree of autonomy under a democratic federal system.
Assimilation, the absorption of an ethnically distinct individual or group into a dominant culture, can be forced or induced, or it can be voluntary. Forced assimilation occurred in early modern Britain, when the English banned the native languages ​​and religions of Celtic Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In Thailand and Indonesia, ethnic Chinese groups have been legally induced to adapt to the dominant culture. In the United States, millions of European immigrants assimilated more or less voluntarily within two or three generations. Unlike assimilation, ethnic groups can also mix and integrate. In Mexico, Spanish and Latin American Indian (Indian) cultures gradually blended together over centuries of contact.
Clashes between rival groups and separatism can become commonplace. Yugoslavia was founded after World War I, ignoring existing ethnic boundaries, and many ethnic groups were forced to coexist within the country one day. When the communist regime that had held the country together collapsed in the early 1990s, hostility between the various groups intensified, escalating into all-out war and Yugoslavia split into several nations. (→ Ethnic identity, ethnicity)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
言語や,社会的価値観,信仰,宗教,食習慣,慣習などの文化的特性を共有する集団における,アイデンティティないし所属意識,さらに歴史を共有する意識をさす人類学用語。「民族性」と訳されることもある。地域的な結びつきももつことが多いが,居住地を追われたり新天地を求めて,各地に分散する民族集団も少なくない。政治的統一を目指す国民国家は民族的多様性を嫌う傾向があり,しばしば特定の民族集団の排除をはかってきた。15世紀スペインでのムーア人(ベルベル人)やユダヤ人の追放,第2次世界大戦中のナチスによる対ユダヤ人政策(→ホロコースト),1960~70年代に独立したアフリカの数ヵ国におけるアラブ人および東インド人の追放(→アジア人追放事件)などは,その顕著な例である。今日,多くの国ではなんらかのかたちの多元主義を採用しており,通常は寛容と相互依存,分離主義を組み合わせた形態をとる。たとえばスイスでは主要 3民族集団が別々の州に住み,各州は民主連邦制のもとで大幅な自治権を認められている。
エスニシティの異なる個人または集団が支配的文化に吸収される同化は,強制や誘導によることもあれば,自発的になされる場合もある。強制的な同化としては,近代初期のイギリスにおいて,イングランド人がケルト人の住むウェールズやスコットランド,アイルランドで土着の言語や宗教を禁じた例がある。タイやインドネシアでは中国系の民族集団が合法的に支配的文化への適応を誘導されてきた。アメリカ合衆国ではヨーロッパからの移民数百万人が 2~3世代のうちに多かれ少なかれ自発的に同化した。同化と異なり,複数の民族が混じり合い,統合されることもある。メキシコではスペインの文化とラテンアメリカインディアン(インディオ)の文化が数世紀にわたって接触するうちに,徐々に融合していった。
対立する集団の衝突や分離主義が日常化することもある。ユーゴスラビアは第1次世界大戦後,既存のエスニシティの境界を無視して建国され,多くの民族集団がある日を境に,一国のなかでの共存を強いられた。1990年代初頭に国を一つにまとめていた共産主義体制が崩壊すると,さまざまな集団間の敵意が激化して全面戦争に発展し,ユーゴスラビアは複数の国家に分裂した。(→エスニック・アイデンティティ,民族)

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