Lombardy - Lombardia (English spelling)

Japanese: ロンバルディア - ろんばるでぃあ(英語表記)Lombardia
Lombardy - Lombardia (English spelling)

A region in northwest Italy. It has an area of ​​23,850 square kilometers and a population of 8,922,463 (2001 census estimate). It is made up of 11 provinces: Milan, Brescia, Bergamo, Varese, Como, Pavia, Mantova, Cremona, Sondrio, Lecco, and Lodi, and its capital is Milan. It has the largest population of any region in Italy. The northern part of Lombardy is mountainous, with a diverse topography including the Lepontine Alps (Tessinian Alps), the Rhatic Alps, the Valtellina Valley, the Orobie Alps, and the Prealps with Lake Maggiore, Lake Como, and Lake Garda. In contrast, the southern part is dominated by the Lombardy Plain, where irrigation agriculture is carried out using tributaries of the Po River, canals, and spring water, and there is also a large industrial area centered around Milan, which is the heart of the Italian economy. Based on electricity obtained from the abundant water of the Alps and methane gas discovered after the Second World War, there are many industrial activities such as steel, machinery, chemicals, textiles, oil refineries, and paper manufacturing. Important agricultural and livestock products include corn, rice, pasture, meat, and milk.

[Kenichi Sakai]

history

The Gauls arrived in the 5th and 4th centuries BC and founded Milan, Brescia, and other cities. After the fall of Milan in 222 BC, Roman control gradually spread, and Romanization was completed during the reign of Emperor Augustus. In the 3rd century AD, with the inauguration of the Roman tetrarch, Milan became the capital of the Western Empire under Emperor Maximian. From 569 to 774, the Lombard Kingdom flourished with Pavia as its capital, and the name Lombardy was born from this. Medieval cities developed in the 11th to 13th centuries. In addition to the old Alps crossing routes from Roman times, such as the Splügen Pass, new routes were opened at the Simplon Pass and the San Gothardo Pass, and the area prospered as a trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea and Europe. Also, from the 12th century onwards, land reclamation and the construction of canals began in the plains. From the end of the 13th century to the first half of the 14th century, the Visconti family's control strengthened, and in 1395 the Duchy of Milan was established. After that, it was ruled by Spain (1535-1713), and except for the Napoleonic era, it was under Austrian influence until 1859. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, it overcame the economic stagnation that had existed since the 17th century based on dairy farming and rice cultivation in the plains and sericulture in the hills. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it became the main stage of the Italian Industrial Revolution, based on hydroelectric power generation and the Bank of Italy (established in 1894).

[Kenichi Sakai]

Lake Como
A glacial lake also known as Lake Lario. Surrounded by mountains with an altitude of 1500 to 2000 meters, it is known as a scenic resort and tourist destination. Lombardy, Italy ©Shogakukan ">

Lake Como


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリア北西部の州。面積2万3850平方キロメートル、人口892万2463(2001国勢調査速報値)。ミラノ、ブレッシア、ベルガモ、バレーゼ、コモ、パビーア、マントバ、クレモナ、ソンドリオ、レッコ、ローディの11県からなり、州都はミラノ。州の人口はイタリア各州のうち第1位である。ロンバルディア北部は山がちで、レポンティーネ・アルプス(テッシン・アルプス)をはじめ、レーティック・アルプス、バルテッリーナの谷、オロビエ・アルプス、マッジョーレ湖・コモ湖・ガルダ湖を有するプレアルプスなどにより変化に富んだ地形をもつ。それに対して南部ではロンバルディア平原が広がり、ポー川の支流、運河、湧水(ゆうすい)を利用した灌漑(かんがい)農業が行われ、さらにはイタリア経済の心臓部をなすミラノを中心とする大工業地帯が存在する。アルプスの豊富な水から得られる電力や第二次世界大戦後に発見されたメタンガスを基盤として、製鉄、機械、化学、繊維、精油、製紙など多方面の工業活動がみられる。農畜産物では、トウモロコシ、米、牧草、食肉、牛乳などが重要である。

[堺 憲一]

歴史

紀元前5~前4世紀にガリア人が来住し、ミラノやブレッシアなどを建設。前222年のミラノ陥落以後、徐々にローマの支配権が浸透していき、皇帝アウグストゥスの時代にローマ化が完成した。紀元後3世紀、ローマの四分統治の発足に伴い、ミラノが皇帝マクシミアヌスの統治する西部帝国の首都となる。569~774年にはパビーアを首都としてランゴバルド王国が栄え、これにちなんでロンバルディアという名称が生まれた。11~13世紀には中世都市が発達する。スプルーガ(シュプリューゲン)峠などローマ時代からのアルプス越え旧ルートに加えて、シンプロン峠やサン・ゴタルド峠の新ルートが開かれ、地中海とヨーロッパを結ぶ通商路として繁栄した。また、12世紀以降、平野部では干拓や運河の建設が行われるようになった。13世紀末から14世紀前半にかけてビスコンティ家の支配が強化され、1395年ミラノ公国が発足する。その後スペインによる統治(1535~1713)を経て、ナポレオン時代を除けば1859年までオーストリアの影響下に置かれた。18世紀後半以降は平野部での酪農・稲作と丘陵部での養蚕を基礎にして、17世紀以来の経済的停滞を克服した。19世紀末~20世紀初頭には水力発電、イタリア商業銀行(1894創設)などを土台にして、イタリア産業革命の主舞台となった。

[堺 憲一]

コモ湖
ラリオ湖ともよばれる氷河湖。周辺を標高1500~2000mの山々に囲まれ、風光明媚な保養地、観光地として知られる。イタリア ロンバルディア州©Shogakukan">

コモ湖


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