Russian poet, novelist, and film director. Born in Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. Graduated from Gorky Literary Institute in 1954. He began publishing poetry in 1949. His poetry, full of scathing denunciations of the distortions of Soviet society and culture caused by Stalin's personality cult and fresh self-expression, made him one of the leaders of the "angry young men" generation during the thaw of the 1950s and 1960s. His representative works from this period include "Zimmer Station" (1956), "Consider Me a Communist" (1960), "Babi Yar" (1962), which sings of the valley near Kiev where the Nazi genocide of Jews took place, "Stalin's Heirs" (1962), which calls for the dictator's return, and "Bratsk Power Plant" (1965). The first French edition of his work, A Premature Autobiography (1963), created a sensation, but his frankness in meetings with party officials, his self-confidence and excessive intuition also led to criticism, and he lost his status as the party's "favorite firebrand." Yevtushenko's criticism of the system, which was centered on Stalin's personality cult, did not extend to the "revolutionary movement" or "construction of a communist society." His statements and creations were sometimes pro-government and sometimes anti-system. In 1974, he protested against Solzhenitsyn's deportation, but six months later he published a poem in support of the government's "ideological struggle." In response to these actions, many criticize him as a poet who always seeks to be at the center of events of the time. However, while traveling around the world, he continued to write poems calling for peace, such as "Snow in Tokyo" (1974), "The Dove of Santiago" (1978), and "Mama and the Neutron Bomb" (1982). In 1986, he appealed for the restoration of the poet Pasternak at the 8th Congress of Soviet Writers, and was elected as a People's Deputy in 1989. During the attempted coup in 1991, he released an impromptu poem, "August 19th," criticizing the coup to the people. He also started writing prose early on, and wrote works such as "Pearl Harbor" (1967), which is based on the events of World War II, and "Where Strawberries Grow" (1982), which depicts the collectivization of agriculture in Siberia in the 1930s. In particular, "Don't Die Till Death Comes (A Russian Fairy Tale)" (1993), which depicts the two days of the 1991 coup, attracted a great deal of attention. He also worked on films, writing, directing and playing the lead role in "Flight" (1979), "Kindergarten" (1983) and "Stalin's Funeral" (1990). After compiling and publishing the anthology "Poem of the Century" (1995), which collected the best Russian poetry of the 20th century, he published "I Hope" (1996), a collection of his more recent poems and illustrations. Yevtushenko's poetry has been translated into more than 70 languages and is known throughout the world. He visited Japan twice, in 1973 and 1991. He is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and a member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences. While living in Moscow and continuing his creative activities, he taught Russian poetry at universities in the United States. [Tokichi Kusaka and Yoshihiko Mouri August 21, 2018] "A Premature Autobiography," translated by Kudo Yukio (1963, Shinchosha)" ▽ "The Poetry and Times of Yevtushenko," edited and translated by Kusaka Tonokichi (1963, Kowado)" ▽ "Yevtushenko's Poetry Collection, translated by Kusaka Tonokichi (1973, Iizuka Shoten)" ▽ "Poetry Collection: White Snow Falls," edited and translated by Kusaka Tonokichi (1974, Mainichi Shimbun)" ▽ "Youth: Moscow and Poets," written by Yasui Yuko (1987, Shobunsha) " ▽ "Contemporary Russian Poetry Collection: Russian Poets Who Strived for Freedom," edited and translated by Kusaka Tonokichi (1991, Doyo Bijutsusha)" ▽ "The Eyes of the Solzhenyi Twins," written by Kimura Hiroshi (1992, Bungeishunju) " ▽ "The Literary Renaissance of Modern Russia," written by Igeta Sadayoshi (1996, Gunzosha) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシアの詩人、小説家、映画監督。シベリアのイルクーツク州の生まれ。1954年ゴーリキー文学大学を卒業。1949年から詩を発表。スターリン個人崇拝によるソ連時代の社会や文化のゆがみに対する痛烈な告発と、新鮮な自己表現に満ちた詩作によって、1950~1960年代、雪解け時代の「怒れる若者」の世代の旗手の一人となる。このころの代表作に、『ジマー駅』(1956)、『ぼくをコミュニストとみなせ』(1960)、ナチスによるユダヤ人大量虐殺が行われたキエフ近郊の谷間を歌った『バービー・ヤール』(1962)、独裁者の復活を許すなと訴える『スターリンの後継者たち』(1962)、『ブラーツク発電所』(1965)などがある。 最初にフランス語版で出た『早すぎる自叙伝』(1963)は一大センセーションを巻き起こしたが、党幹部との会談での率直な物言いもたたり、自己過信や過度の直感性のために批判の対象とされ、それまでの党の「寵愛(ちょうあい)を受けた扇動者」の地位を失った。スターリンの個人崇拝を中心とするエフトゥシェンコの体制批判は「革命運動」や「共産主義社会建設」にまで及ぶことはなく、その発言や創作はあるときには政府を代弁するものであったり、またあるときには反体制的であったりする。1974年、ソルジェニツィンの国外追放に抗議するが、半年後には政府の「イデオロギー闘争」を支持する詩を発表した。こうした行動にみられる彼の姿勢に対し、つねにその時代のできごとの中心的な存在であろうとするだけの詩人という評価や批判も多い。 しかし、世界中を訪れながら『東京の雪』(1974)、『サンチャゴの鳩(はと)』(1978)、『ママと中性子爆弾』(1982)などの平和を訴える詩を一貫して書き続けてもいる。1986年には第8回ソ連作家大会において詩人パステルナークの復権を訴え、1989年には人民代議員に当選した。1991年のクーデター未遂事件の際には民衆に向けて、クーデターを批判する即興詩『八月十九日』を発表している。早くから散文にも手を染めており、第二次世界大戦のできごとを題材にした『パール・ハーバー』(1967)、1930年代のシベリアでの農業集団化を描いた『苺(いちご)のなるところ』(1982)などがあるが、とりわけ1991年のクーデターの2日間を描いた『死が来るまでは死なないで(ロシアのおとぎばなし)』(1993)は大きな話題をよんだ。映画の作成にも取り組み、自ら脚本を書き監督を務め主人公を演じた『飛翔(ひしょう)』(1979)や『幼稚園』(1983)、それに『スターリンの葬式』(1990)がある。20世紀のロシアのすぐれた詩を集めたアンソロジー『世紀の詩』(1995)を編纂(へんさん)出版したあと、最近作を集めた詩画集『願わくは』(1996)を出している。エフトゥシェンコの詩作品は70以上の言語に訳され世界に知られている。 1973年(昭和48)と1991年(平成3)の二度来日。アメリカ芸術アカデミー名誉会員、ヨーロッパ芸術科学アカデミー会員。モスクワに住み創作活動を続けながら、アメリカの大学で教壇に立ちロシア詩の講義を行った。 [草鹿外吉・藻利佳彦 2018年8月21日] 『工藤幸雄訳『早すぎる自叙伝』(1963・新潮社)』▽『草鹿外吉編・訳『エフトゥシェンコの詩と時代』(1963・光和堂)』▽『草鹿外吉訳『エフトウシェンコ詩集』(1973・飯塚書店)』▽『草鹿外吉編・訳『詩集 白い雪が降る』(1974・毎日新聞社)』▽『安井侑子著『青春――モスクワと詩人』(1987・晶文社)』▽『草鹿外吉編・訳『現代ロシア詩集――自由を求めたロシアの詩人たち』(1991・土曜美術社)』▽『木村浩著『ソルジェニーツインの眼』(1992・文芸春秋)』▽『井桁貞義著『現代ロシアの文芸復興(ルネサンス)』(1996・群像社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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