Rome - Rome (English spelling) loam

Japanese: ローム - ろーむ(英語表記)loam
Rome - Rome (English spelling) loam

It is a word with two aspects in terms of meaning and usage. Its original meaning is a name given to one of the classifications when distinguishing the state of collection of soil grains or sediment particles. When the weight ratio of coarse particles (i.e. sand), fine particles (clay), and medium particles (silt) falls within the central lower area of ​​the triangular coordinates of the soil type classification diagram, it is called loam according to the International Soil Society method. It can be understood as a mixture of sand and clay in about half and half. As a rough guide, loam (loamy, loam-like) as a collection of large and small particles shows intermediate coarseness, and is useful for distinguishing it from coarser sand and finer clay (clay). This method of distinction can also be used to describe intermediate coarseness such as sandy loam and clay loam, which is the method of classifying soil types.

The second aspect is that loam, as the term Kanto loam is known, is a layer of volcanic ash deposits that has weathered to a brown color and is dense but easy to scrape off, and is observed on cliffs, etc., and this layer is called a loam layer, and this material came to be called loam. The loam referred to here is from the early research stage (from the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period) when it was not known that the weathered product of eolian volcanic ash, i.e. red soil, was a geological material released from volcanoes. Geologists named this special red soil layer, which was neither a layer of sand and gravel nor a layer of clay in the sea or lake bottom, as loam for convenience in the first sense (the name for the coarseness of the aggregate of particles) because of its granular shape. Even after later research revealed that it was of volcanic origin, the habit was not completely broken and the name loam has remained the same to this day. However, red soil material is fine-grained as weathered volcanic ash and has a higher clay content than would be expected based on its texture, and when dispersed with chemicals, it is often classified as clay loam or clay rather than loam, so in this respect it is incorrect to classify red soil as loam.

[Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

語意と用法のうえで、二つの側面をもつことばである。本来の意味は、土粒や堆積(たいせき)物の粒子の集まりぐあいを区別して表すときに、その区分の一つに対してつけた呼称であって、粗粒子(すなわち砂)と細粒子(粘土)および中間粒子(シルト)の重量比が土性区分ダイアグラムの三角座標の中の中央下部の領域内に入るときに、国際土壌学会法でロームとよぶ。砂と粘土がほぼ半々に混じっているものと理解してよい。おおよその目安であるが、大小の粒子の集合物としてローム(ローム質、ローム状)は中間的な粗さを示し、より粗い砂質と、またより細かい粘土質(埴質(しょくしつ))と区別する上で便利である。この区別の仕方は、砂質ローム、粘土質ローム(埴質ローム、クレイローム)など中間的な粗さを言い表すこともでき、それが土壌における土性区分法となる。

 一方、第二の側面は、ロームとは関東ロームの語で知られるように、火山灰の堆積物の層が褐色に風化した緻密(ちみつ)な、しかし削り取りやすい堅さの地層(赤土(あかつち)と俗称)として崖(がけ)などで観察されることから、この層をローム層とよび、この物質をロームとよぶことになったいきさつである。ここでいうロームは、風成火山灰の風化物すなわち赤土が、火山から放出された地質物質とはわからなかった初期の研究段階(明治末期から大正年間)に、地質学者が、砂礫(されき)層でもなく海や湖底の粘土層でもないこの特殊な赤土層を、その粒状から、まさに第一の意味(粒子集合物の粗さの名称)で便宜上ロームと名づけていた。のちの研究でこれが火山起源のものとわかってからも、習慣は抜けきらずそのままロームとよぶことに定着して今日に至っている。ただし赤土の物質は、火山灰の風化物としては細粒化が進んでいて、手ざわりの予測より粘土含有率は高く、薬剤で分散すると土性区分上はロームでなく、クレイロームまたはクレイに入る場合が多く、この点でも赤土をロームとするのは正しくない。

[浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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