Russian cuisine - roshiaryori

Japanese: ロシア料理 - ろしありょうり
Russian cuisine - roshiaryori

Russian cuisine is a traditional cuisine that has been cultivated among Russians from the founding of Russia in the 9th century, through the Imperial Russian era, through the Soviet era after the revolution of 1917, and up to the present day. Most Russians live in big cities such as Moscow, and in the Russian Federation, which encompasses everything from the bitter cold of Siberia to the warm Volga River basin, and so Russian cuisine is primarily from this region, but it can also include the unique and distinctive ethnic cuisines of neighboring former Soviet republics, namely Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the three Baltic states, and the Caucasus and Central Asian countries.

Traditional Russian cuisine ranges from the lavish and extravagant dishes of the emperors, aristocrats, and other privileged classes to the simple and monotonous dishes of the common people, but it is centered on the everyday food of Russian peasants. During the imperial era, French cuisine and other dishes became popular due to cultural exchange with foreign countries, but what never changed was the Russian people's attachment to Russian cuisine. There was no room for outsiders to step in, and even the revolution was unable to change the cuisine. The foods of the past were limited to kasha (buckwheat porridge), shchi (cabbage soup), kvass (a rye drink), and black rye bread. In Chekhov's "The Wilderness," kasha appears as a lunchtime dish made by throwing river shrimp and small fish into a large pot and adding millet and salt.

Russian cuisine is characterized by its practical, nutritious, and simple nature. Its sour and light taste makes it familiar to Japanese people. Vegetables and fruits are scarce in the north, but plentiful in the south. Except in the south, there are few raw vegetables, and the emphasis is on preserved (pickled or salted) cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets, and cucumbers. Lamb is used in the south, and other meats include beef, pork, horse, reindeer, deer, wild birds, and chicken. Specialties include bekh (beef) stroganoff stewed in tomatoes and smetana (sour cream), Kiev-style chicken cutlets, and Georgian shashlik (grilled lamb on a skewer). Fish commonly used are herring, cod, and sturgeon, which are often pickled, salted, or smoked. Dairy products are plentiful and of high quality, and smetana, tvorog (cottage cheese), kefir (sour milk), etc. are used in cooking. Zakuska (appetizer) and caviar are famous, and soups such as shchi, borsch, salyanka, piroshki, and countless other flour dishes are truly Russian cuisine. Due to the climate, there is an amazing variety of mushrooms, and many dishes using them.

Sweet treats include varenye (fruit stewed in syrup), kissel (fruit bavarois), and pechenye (baked pastries), while drinks include vodka. Vodka is a clear, colorless distilled alcoholic drink, and its taste is a perfect match for Russian cuisine. Georgia, Armenia, and the Caucasus produce wine and cognac.

[Miyo Nagaya and Hiromi Kosaka]

"Asahi Encyclopedia: Foods of the World 4: Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, Russia and Greece" (1984, Asahi Shimbun Company) "World History and Culture: Russia" edited by Takuya Hara (1994, Shinchosha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシア料理とは、9世紀のロシア建国から帝政ロシア時代、1917年の革命後のソ連邦時代を経て現在まで、ロシア人の間ではぐくまれてきた伝統の料理である。ロシア人がもっとも多く住むのはモスクワなどの大都市、酷寒のシベリアから温暖なボルガ川流域地帯までを包含するロシア連邦であり、この地域の料理を主体とするが、近隣の旧ソ連諸国、すなわちウクライナ、ベラルーシ、モルドバ、バルト三国、コーカサスや中央アジアの国々の個性ある独特の民族料理を含めて考えることもある。

 伝統のロシア料理は昔の皇帝、貴族ら特権階級の絢爛(けんらん)豪華なものから、庶民の質素で単調なものまであるが、なんといってもロシア農民の日常の食べ物が中心である。帝政のころ、外国との文化交流によりフランス料理などの流行したこともあったが、ついに変わらなかったのは、ロシア人のロシア料理への愛着心であった。そこによそ者の踏み込む余地はなく、革命でさえ料理を変えることはついにできなかった。昔の食物はカーシャ(ソバの粥(かゆ))、シチー(キャベツ入りスープ)、クワース(ライ麦製飲料)、ライ麦粉の黒パンに尽きる。チェーホフの『曠野(こうや)』では、昼食に大鍋(なべ)の中に川エビ、小魚を放り込んで黍(きび)、塩を加えたカーシャが登場する。

 ロシア料理は、実質的、栄養的、素朴さが特徴。味は酸味があり淡白で、日本人にも親しめる。材料の野菜、果物は北方に乏しく、南方は豊富。南方を除いては生野菜は少なく、キャベツ、タマネギ、ジャガイモ、ビート、キュウリの貯蔵(酢漬け、塩漬け)に比重が重い。肉は羊肉は南方、ほかはウシ、ブタ、ウマ、トナカイ、シカ、野鳥、ニワトリなど。トマトとスメタナ(サワークリーム)で煮たベフ(ビーフ)・ストロガノフ、キエフ風鶏肉のカツレツ、ジョージア(グルジア)のシャシリク(羊肉の串(くし)焼き)などの名物料理がある。魚はニシン、タラ、チョウザメをよく使い、酢漬け、塩漬け、薫製にすることが多い。乳製品は豊富で良質、スメタナ、トボーログ(カテージチーズ)、ケフィール(サワーミルク)などは料理にも利用される。ザクースカ(前菜)にキャビアは有名で、シチー、ボルシチ、サリャンカなどのスープ、ピロシキそのほか無数の粉料理は、まさにそれがロシア料理といいたい。風土上、キノコの多種多様さはみごとで、その料理も多い。

 甘味ではワレーニエ(果物のシロップ煮)、キセーリ(果物などのババロア)、ペチェーニエ(焼き菓子)などが知られ、飲物ではウォツカ(火酒)が有名である。ウォツカは無色透明の蒸留酒で、その味とロシア料理とは実にぴったりの感がある。ジョージア、アルメニア、カフカスでは、ワインやコニャックをつくっている。

[長屋美代・小阪ひろみ]

『『朝日百科 世界の食べもの4 ヨーロッパ中・北・東部・ロシア・ギリシア』(1984・朝日新聞社)』『原卓也監修『世界の歴史と文化 ロシア』(1994・新潮社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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