Myths that feature semi-divine heroes who are said to have had close ties with the gods in ancient times. Typical examples include Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia, Hercules, Theseus, Perseus, Bellerophon from Greece, Romulus and Remus from Rome, Sigurd from Germany, Cuchulain from Celtic, and Rama from India. Stories such as Jinmu's Eastern Expedition, Yamato Takeru, and Empress Jingu from Japan also clearly belong to this type. Many of the protagonists in heroic myths have human mothers but gods as fathers. Like Hercules, Romulus, and Yamato Takeru, they are often twins, abandoned at birth or exposed to life-threatening conditions, but miraculously survive with the help of animals or herdsmen, and when they grow up, they obtain miraculous weapons and horses, defeat enemies who persecute them, and perform feats of slaying evil dragons and other monsters, marrying beautiful women who are saved from becoming their prey. Visits to the underworld or other realms are also a common theme in many hero myths, such as those of Gilgamesh, Hercules, Theseus, Cuchulain, the Roman Aeneas, the Finnish Väinämöinen, the Polynesian Mawi, and others. Many of the heroes died young, and, like Hercules and Romulus, are said to have ascended to heaven after death and joined the ranks of the gods. The story of Yamato Takeru, found in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, in which he turned into a giant swan after his death and flew away to heaven, is also recognized as a variation of the motif of the hero's ascension after death. Thus, hero myths from around the world often share similarities in content, and the framework and motifs common to these hero myths are often incorporated into biographies of historical figures, such as Alexander the Great, Cyrus of Persia, and Jesus Christ, turning them into hero myths. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
太古に神々と密接な交渉をもちながら活躍したとされる半神的英雄たちを主人公とする神話。メソポタミアのギルガメシュ,ギリシアのヘラクレス,テセウス,ペルセウス,ベレロフォン,ローマのロムルスとレムス,ゲルマンのシグルト,ケルトのクフーリン,インドのラーマなどがその典型で,日本の神武東征やヤマトタケル,神功皇后などの物語も明らかにこの類型に属する。英雄神話の主人公の多くは,母は人間の女だが神を父としており,ヘラクレス,ロムルス,ヤマトタケルのように,しばしば双子で,生後すぐ捨て子にされたり,生命を危険にさらされるが,動物や牧夫などに助けられて,奇跡的に生命をまっとうし,成長すると不思議な武器や馬などを手に入れ,彼に迫害を加えた敵を倒し,また悪竜やそのほかの怪物を退治する手柄を立てて,その餌食となるところを救われた美女と結婚する。冥界や他界の訪問も,ギルガメシュ,ヘラクレス,テセウス,クフーリンやローマのアイネイアス,フィンランドのワイナモイネン,ポリネシアのマウィその他,多くの英雄神話に共通するテーマの一つである。英雄の多くは若死にし,ヘラクレスやロムルスのように,死後昇天し神々の仲間入りをしたとされることもある。記紀にみられるヤマトタケルが死後,巨大な白鳥となって御陵から出て,天に飛去ったという話も,この英雄の死後における昇天のモチーフの変化したものと認められる。このように世界中の英雄神話は,内容的に一致する点が多く,これらの英雄神話に共通する枠組みとモチーフは,たとえばアレクサンドロス大王やペルシアのキュロス王,またイエス・キリストなど,歴史的に実在した人物の伝記にも,しばしば取入れられ,それを英雄神話化する。
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