Lymphocytes

Japanese: リンパ球 - りんぱきゅう
Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that is responsible for immune function. When stained with Giemsa, they are round cells that are slightly smaller than neutrophils, with a light blue cytoplasm and a light perinuclear area. The nucleus is stained dark, but many have thin, sharp notches. There are small and large lymphocytes, but unlike granulocytes, they do not contain peroxidase. They have the weakest motile ability of all white blood cells, and normally do not exhibit phagocytic ability. There are 1,500 to 2,500 lymphocytes in 1 cubic millimeter of blood.

Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells and become lymphoblasts, some of which mature and pass through the thymus to become T lymphocytes, which are distributed in the paracortical region of the thymus and lymph nodes. Some also pass through the bursa-like organ (probably the intestinal lymph nodes) to become B lymphocytes, which are distributed in the follicles and medulla in lymph nodes. T lymphocytes make up 75% of the blood, and can be identified by the fact that they form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The remaining 25% are B lymphocytes, which can be identified by the presence of antigen receptors. Cells that do not have either characteristic are called null cells, and are immature lymphocytes with no immunological function. When necessary, B lymphocytes change into secretory cells such as plasma cells and secrete immunoglobulins (antibody globulins) to confront invading antigens (humoral immunity). T lymphocytes play a role in delayed allergic reactions such as tuberculin reactions, transplant immunity, and attacking target cells, and also regulate the function of B lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity). When an antigenic substance harmful to the body invades the body, lymphocytes divide to increase in number, and T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes cooperate to render the antigenic substance harmless. Granulocytes and monocytes (macrophages) also cooperate with each other through their phagocytic ability.

[Kenjiro Ito]

[References] | Blood | T cells | White blood cells | B cells | Macrophages | Immunity | Immunoglobulins

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

白血球の一種で、免疫能を担当する細胞。ギムザ染色では、好中球よりやや小形の円い細胞で、原形質は薄青色、核周辺は明るい。核は濃く染まるが、細く鋭い切れ込みがあるものが多い。小リンパ球、大リンパ球の別があるが、顆粒(かりゅう)球のようにペルオキシダーゼは含有しない。運動能は白血球のうちでいちばん弱く、貪食(どんしょく)能力は通常はみられない。血液1立方ミリメートル中に1500~2500個ある。

 リンパ球は骨髄内で造血幹細胞からつくられてリンパ芽球となり、成熟して一部は胸腺(きょうせん)を通ってTリンパ球となり、胸腺とリンパ節の傍皮質領域に分布する。また一部はブルザ相当器官(おそらく腸管リンパ節)を通ってBリンパ球となり、リンパ節では濾胞(ろほう)、髄質に分布する。血液中ではTリンパ球が75%で、ヒツジの赤血球とロゼットを形成するところから判別される。残りの25%はBリンパ球で、抗原レセプターの存在から判別される。また、どちらの性格ももたないものはナルNull細胞といい、免疫学的に機能のない幼若リンパ球である。Bリンパ球は必要に応じて形質細胞などの分泌細胞に変化して免疫グロブリン(抗体グロブリン)を分泌して侵入する抗原に立ち向かう(体液性免疫)。Tリンパ球は、ツベルクリン反応のような遅延型アレルギー反応、移植免疫、目標となる細胞を攻撃する作用などをもち、かつBリンパ球の機能を調節する働きももつ(細胞性免疫)。生体にとって有害な抗原物質が侵入すると、リンパ球は分裂して数を増しながらTリンパ球とBリンパ球が協力して抗原物質を無害なものにする。これに顆粒球、単球(マクロファージ)も貪食能をもって協力しあっている。

[伊藤健次郎]

[参照項目] | 血液 | T細胞 | 白血球 | B細胞 | マクロファージ | 免疫 | 免疫グロブリン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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