Although it is sometimes used as a general term for discharge lamps (carbon arc lamps, mercury lamps, xenon lamps, etc.) that use light emitted by arc discharge or light emitted by electrodes due to arc discharge, it is more commonly used to refer to carbon arc lamps. Carbon arc lamps use the phenomenon in which the electrodes become incandescent and emit light due to the arc current flowing through them. In 1808, six years after the discovery of arc discharge by Humphry Davy of England, he publicly demonstrated an experiment in which he lit one using 2,000 batteries. Later, in 1876, it was put into practical use as a street light in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In Japan, it was first lit in the large hall of the Imperial College of Engineering on March 25, 1878 (Meiji 11), which later became Electricity Memorial Day. Four years later, in 1882, it was demonstrated as a street light built in Ginza, Tokyo, with a brightness of 2,000 candelas. Carbon arc lamps are usually started by touching both electrodes together once and then separating them by an appropriate distance, although some use an auxiliary electrode. Generally, the electrodes wear out during use, so an electrode feed mechanism is required while the lamp is on. Also, to stabilize the current, a resistor is always inserted in series. Used as a light source with high brightness and high color rendering, there are three types: pure carbon arc lamps (for experiments), flame arc lamps (for plate making and projection), and high-brightness arc lamps (for projection and searchlights), although since the 1960s xenon lamps, which are easier to handle, have been used as an alternative light source. When a pure carbon arc lamp is lit with direct current, a depression (called a pit of fire) is created at the tip of the anode, which becomes a bright light source. For spectroscopic analysis, a hole is drilled in the anode and a small amount of sample is placed there to cause it to glow and observe the spectrum. Flame arc lamps have metal salts impregnated into the electrode, and the light emits a spectrum specific to the metal. For example, strontium is red, calcium is yellow, erbium and samarium are green, and cerium is bluish-white. High-brightness arc lamps have a wick made of cerium fluoride or cerium oxide about half the diameter of the anode inserted into it, and when a certain current value is reached, the anode pit of fire suddenly deepens and a white anode flame appears in front. [Akio Obara and Makoto Bessho] [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広くアーク放電による発光、またはアーク放電による電極の発光を利用した放電灯(炭素アーク灯、水銀ランプ、キセノンランプなど)の総称とする場合もあるが、一般には炭素アーク灯をいうことが多い。炭素アーク灯は、二つの炭素電極に流れるアーク電流によって電極が白熱し、発光する現象を利用したものである。1802年イギリスのハンフリー・デービーがアーク放電を発見してから6年後の1808年に、2000個の電池を使って点灯する実験を公開した。のち1876年パリのコンコルド広場に街路灯として点灯され実用化された。日本では1878年(明治11)3月25日(のちに電気記念日となる)、工部大学校の大ホールで点灯したのが最初である。4年後の1882年、東京・銀座に建てられた街路灯によって公開されたが、それは2000カンデラの明るさであった。 炭素アーク灯の起動は、普通、両極を一度接触させてから、適当な距離に離して点灯するが、補助電極で行うものもある。一般に電極は使用中消耗するので、点灯中に電極の送り機構が必要である。また、電流を安定させるため、かならず直列に抵抗を入れる。高輝度、高演色の光源として使用され、純炭素アーク灯(実験用)、発炎アーク灯(製版、映写用)および高輝度アーク灯(映写、探照灯用)の3種あるが、1960年代以降は取扱いが容易なキセノンランプが代替光源として使用されている。 純炭素アーク灯は、直流で点灯すると、陽極先端に凹所(火坑(かこう)という)ができ、これが高い輝きの光源となる。分光分析用には、陽極に穴をあけ、そこに微量の試料を入れて発光させ、そのスペクトルを観察する。発炎アーク灯は、電極に金属の塩(えん)類をしみ込ませたもので、光色は金属特有のスペクトルを出す。たとえば、ストロンチウムは赤、カルシウムは黄、エルビウムおよびサマリウムは緑、セリウムは青白色となる。高輝アーク灯は、陽極に直径の約半分のフッ化セリウム、酸化セリウムなどの芯(しん)を入れたもので、ある電流値に達すると、急に陽極火坑が深くなり、前方に白色の陽極炎ができる。 [小原章男・別所 誠] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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