David Riesman

Japanese: リースマン - りーすまん(英語表記)David Riesman
David Riesman

American sociologist. Born in Philadelphia. After graduating from Harvard University, he worked as a businessman, a teacher, an assistant district attorney, and a lawyer before becoming a professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago (1949-1958) and a professor at Harvard University (1958-1981). He later became Henry Ford II Professor of Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University. He served as a director of the American Sociological Association (1956-1957) and the American Studies Association (1953-1960). He won an American Academy Award in 1954. His most famous work was The Lonely Crowd (1950), in which he established three types of human beings: "tradition-oriented," "inner-oriented," and "other-oriented," and categorized the social character of the passive American middle class after World War II as "other-oriented." He also conducted empirical research in Faces of the Crowd (1952) to deepen his definition of human types. He also criticized T. B. Veblen's institutional studies of American capitalism and advocated a new individualism (Thorstein Veblen, 1953). His insights on individualism, personality, modern society, education, leisure, and popular culture are highly original. His other works include Individualism Reconsidered (1954), Affluence for What? (1964), Harvard Education and Politics (1975, co-authored with S. M. Lipsett), Higher Education (1980), and The Twentieth Century and Me (1982). He died on May 10, 2002 in Binghamton, New York.

[Shoji Takashima]

"Riesman, University Education: An Attempt at Sociology of Education, translated by Michiya Shinbori et al. (1961, Misuzu Shobo)""The Lonely Crowd, translated by Hidetoshi Kato (1964, Misuzu Shobo)""Abundance for What?" translated by Hidetoshi Kato (1968, Misuzu Shobo)""The Face of the Crowd: A Study of Personality and Politics in the Individual, translated by Masao Kunihiro and Akira Kuno (1968, Simul Publishing)""Modern Civilization, edited by Shigeharu Matsumoto, translated by Makoto Saito et al. (1969, Misuzu Shobo)""Japan Diaries, by D. Riesman and I. Riesman, translated by Hidetoshi Kato and Yoshiyuki Tsurumi (1969, Misuzu Shobo)""Individualism Reconsidered, volumes 1 and 2, translated by Hiroshi Makino et al. (1970-1974, Pelican Publishing)""The University Experiment: Academics and Mass Education" by D. Riesman, J. Gusfield, and Z. Gamson, translated by Yasuko Araki (1973, Misuzu Shobo)""Higher Education: Universities in the Age of Student Consumerism, translated by Kazuyuki Kitamura et al. (1986, Tamagawa University Press)""The Twentieth Century and Me, translated by Yonosuke Nagai (Chuko Shinsho)""David RiesmanThorstein Veblen: A Critical Interpretation (1953, Charles Scribner, New York)"

[References] | Social psychology | Social personality | Other-oriented | Tradition-oriented | Inner-oriented | Power elite | Veblen

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの社会学者。フィラデルフィア生まれ。ハーバード大学卒業後、会社員、教師、地方検事補、弁護士の職を経てシカゴ大学社会科学部教授(1949~1958)、ハーバード大学教授(1958~1981)に就任した。その後同大学ヘンリー・フォード2世社会科学講座名誉教授。アメリカ社会学会理事(1956~1957)、アメリカ研究協会理事(1953~1960)を歴任。アメリカン・アカデミー賞受賞(1954)。彼の名を一躍有名にしたのは、代表作『孤独な群衆』(1950)であり、そのなかで「伝統指向型」「内部指向型」「他人指向型」という三つの人間類型を設定し、第二次世界大戦後の受動化したアメリカ中間層の社会的性格を「他人指向型」と類型化した。また人間類型の設定を深化させるため、『群衆の顔』(1952)で実証的に調査研究をも行った。さらに、アメリカの資本主義に関するT・B・ベブレンの制度的研究を批判し、新しい個人主義を主張した(『ソースタイン・ベブレン』1953)。彼の個人主義論、パーソナリティ論、現代社会論、教育論、余暇論、大衆文化論に関する洞察は、独創性に満ちている。ほかに『個人主義の再検討』(1954)、『何のための豊かさ』(1964)、『ハーバードの教育と政治』(1975、S・M・リプセットとの共著)、『高等教育論』(1980)、『二十世紀と私』(1982)などの著書がある。2002年5月10日ニューヨーク州ビンガムトンで死去した。

[高島昌二]

『リースマン著、新堀通也他訳『大学教育論――教育社会学への試み』(1961・みすず書房)』『加藤秀俊訳『孤独な群衆』(1964・みすず書房)』『加藤秀俊訳『何のための豊かさ』(1968・みすず書房)』『國弘正雄・久能昭訳『群衆の顔――個人における性格と政治の研究』(1968・サイマル出版会)』『デイヴィッド・リースマン著、松本重治編、斎藤真他訳『現代文明論』(1969・みすず書房)』『D・リースマン、I・リースマン著、加藤秀俊・鶴見良行訳『日本日記』(1969・みすず書房)』『牧野宏他訳『個人主義の再検討』上下(1970~1974・ぺりかん社)』『D・リースマン、J・ガスフィールド、Z・ガムソン著、荒木泰子訳『大学の実験――学問とマス教育』(1973・みすず書房)』『喜多村和之他訳『高等教育論――学生消費者主義時代の大学』(1986・玉川大学出版部)』『永井陽之助訳『二十世紀と私』(中公新書)』『David RiesmanThorstein Veblen : A Critical Interpretation(1953, Charles Scribner, New York)』

[参照項目] | 社会心理学 | 社会的性格 | 他人志向型 | 伝統志向型 | 内部志向型 | パワー・エリート | ベブレン

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