Parchment

Japanese: 羊皮紙 - ようひし(英語表記)parchment
Parchment

Parchment is a translucent or opaque animal skin made from sheep or goat skin, used as writing material, printing paper, and bookbinding material. On the other hand, vellum is made from calf skin. The origin of parchment dates back to the time of King Eumeneus II of Pergamon (197-159 BC). He competed with King Ptolemy of Egypt in collecting books, but he angered the Egyptian king and was no longer allowed to export papyrus, which was the main writing material for manuscripts at the time. Pergamon had been using animal skins as writing materials for some time, but this incident led to improved methods of processing skins and the production of superior writing materials, which came to be called Pergamena (meaning "of Pergamon"). The word "parchment" is derived from "Pergamon."

Parchment and vellum are much more durable than papyrus, and books made of parchment and other materials are much easier to handle than papyrus scrolls. As a result, from the end of the 3rd century to the 4th century, parchment and vellum replaced papyrus as the primary writing material in Western Europe, and this position remained unchanged throughout the Middle Ages. However, with the advent of the era of published books from the 15th century onwards, parchment was replaced by paper, and the use of parchment and other materials gradually decreased. Even today, parchment is still used occasionally as a writing material for wills and deeds, and as a binding material, but the number of such uses is small.

[Akira Takano]

"Western Books" by A. Esdale, translated by Akira Takano (1972, Yushodo Shoten)

[Reference item] | Paper

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

パーチメント。羊や山羊(やぎ)の皮でつくった半透明ないしは不透明な獣皮で、書写材とか印刷用紙とか製本材として使用される。それに対して、子牛の皮でつくったものをベラムvellumという。羊皮紙の起源は、ペルガモンの王ユウメネウス2世(前197―前159)の時代にまでさかのぼる。彼はエジプト王プトレマイオスと書物の収集を競ったが、エジプト王を怒らせてしまい、当時の写本の主要な書写材であったパピルスを輸出してもらえなくなった。ペルガモンでは以前から動物の皮の書写材も使っていたが、この事件のために皮の処理方法が改善され、優れた書写材がつくられるようになり、それはペルガメーナ(「ペルガモンの」という意味)とよばれるようになった。「パーチメント」とは「ペルガモン」から生まれたことばなのである。

 羊皮紙やベラムは、パピルスと比べてずっと耐久性があり、また羊皮紙などの冊子体本はパピルスの巻子(かんす)本よりはるかに扱いやすい。そのため、3世紀末から4世紀になると、西欧ではパピルスにかわって羊皮紙やベラムが主要な書写材となり、その地位は中世も変わらなかった。しかし、15世紀以降の刊本の時代を迎えると、その地位は紙にとってかわられ、羊皮紙などが使用される機会はしだいに減っていった。現在でも遺言状や証書などの書写材とか製本材として使用されることがあるが、その数は多くない。

[高野 彰]

『A・エズデイル著、高野彰訳『西洋の書物』(1972・雄松堂書店)』

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