A logic that studies the structure of arguments constructed from propositions that contain modal terms such as "possible" and "necessary". Aristotle already had a fairly detailed study of such arguments. Since Lewis and Langford proposed several axioms for modal logic using symbols in the first half of the 20th century, research on modal logic using modern logic methods has become popular. There is a view that the law of the excluded middle does not hold for the future, but this is based on the idea that the future is still a world of possibilities. As can be seen from this, there is also a view that modal logic is linked to multi-valued logic. There is also a view that quantum logic and modal logic are close, and there is a method of integrating these logics and absorbing them into set theory using the Boolean model. On the other hand, there are philosophers such as Quine who point out the philosophical difficulties surrounding the concept of modality and are critical of modal logic itself. [Yoshida Natsuhiko] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
「可能」「必然」などの、様相に言及することばの入った命題によって組み立てられた論証の構造を研究する論理学。すでにアリストテレスに、このような論証についてのかなり詳しい研究がみられる。20世紀前半にルイスとラングフォードにより、記号を用いた様相論理学の公理系がいくつか提出されて以来、現代論理学の手法による様相論理学の研究が盛んになった。未来のことについては、排中律が成立しないという考え方があるが、これは未来がまだ可能性の世界だとすることに基づく。これからも察せられるように、様相論理学と多値論理学とが結び付くとする考え方もある。あるいは量子論理と様相論理学とが近いとする考え方もあり、ブール値モデルにより、これらの論理学を統合して集合論に吸収しようとするやり方もある。一方、様相概念にまつわる哲学的な困難を指摘し、様相論理学自体にも批判的である、クワインのような哲学者もいる。 [吉田夏彦] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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