In the ontogeny of metazoans, this refers to the period between the embryo and the adult, and usually refers to the period before metamorphosis, when the morphology and lifestyle of the adult is significantly different from that of the adult. The larvae of terrestrial arthropods such as insects are called larvae. In vertebrates, tadpoles of frogs and leptocephali of eels are larvae. Many invertebrate larvae are given special names. For example, echinopluteus of sea urchins, ophiopluteus of brittle stars, auricularia of sea cucumbers, bipinnaria of starfish, actinotrocha of hornworms, Müllerian larvae of flatworms, trochophora of annelids, nauplius and zoea of crustaceans. During metamorphosis, a special primordium in the larva usually develops to form the adult shape, and many of the organs seen in the larval stage disappear during metamorphosis. Such organs are called larval organs, and examples include the tail and gills of tadpoles, the arms and ciliated bands of echinoplutae, and the tracheal gills of insect larvae. Comparative morphology of larvae often suggests the phylogenetic position of animals, and the study of animal developmental patterns and comparative morphology of larvae is an extremely important method in systematic taxonomy. In particular, in the case of parasitic animals whose adults have a significantly degenerated body plan, the morphology of the larvae is often the deciding factor in determining the phylogenetic position of the animals. The reproductive organs of larvae are generally underdeveloped, but there are known cases of neoteny, where the gonads mature and reproduce while still in the larval form. A well-known example of neoteny is the axolotl (Mexican salamander), which in its native habitat does not undergo metamorphosis, but instead retains the larval form while sexually maturing and reproducing. However, if this species is removed from its native habitat and reared in a different environment, it may metamorphose into an adult, the cause of which is thought to be related to the formation of thyroid hormones. On the other hand, a term similar to paedomorphic maturation is larval reproduction, but this is completely different from paedomorphic maturation and refers to the case where embryonic cells (egg cells) in the larvae reproduce asexually, a phenomenon seen in the larvae of trematodes and scorpions. [Amanami Amemiya] © Tadaaki Ohkata "> Major larvae of invertebrates Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
後生動物の個体発生において、胚(はい)と成体との間の時期をいい、通常は、成体と著しく異なった形態と生活様式をもち、変態によって成体になる場合の、変態以前の時期をいう。昆虫など陸生節足動物の幼生は、とくに幼虫とよばれる。脊椎(せきつい)動物では、カエルのオタマジャクシ、ウナギ類のレプトセファルスなどが幼生である。無脊椎動物でも、幼生には特別の幼生名が与えられているものが多い。たとえば、ウニのエキノプルテウス、クモヒトデのオフィオプルテウス、ナマコのアウリクラリア、ヒトデのビピンナリア、ホウキムシのアクチノトロカ、ウズムシ類のミュラー幼生、環形動物のトロコフォラ(担輪子幼生)、甲殻類のノウプリウス、ゾエアなどである。変態に際しては、通常、幼生の中の特殊な原基が発達して成体の形をつくり、幼生期にみられる多くの器官は変態時に消失する。このような器官を幼生器官といい、オタマジャクシの尾やえら、エキノプルテウスの腕や繊毛帯、昆虫の幼虫の気管えらなどがこれにあたる。幼生の比較形態によって、動物の系統的な位置が示唆されることが多く、動物の発生様式と幼生の比較形態の研究は、系統分類学上きわめて重要な方法である。とくに、寄生性の動物のように成体が著しく退化した体制を有する場合には、幼生の形態が系統分類上の位置を決めるための決め手となることが多い。 幼生の生殖器官は、一般には未発達であるが、幼生形のまま生殖巣が成熟し繁殖するネオテニー(幼形成熟)の例も知られている。よく知られるネオテニーの例としては、アホロートル(メキシコサンショウウオ)があり、本種は原産地では、変態をおこさず幼生の形態を保持したまま性的に成熟し繁殖する。しかし、この種を原産地から移して別の環境のもとで飼育すれば、変態して成体となることがあり、その原因は、甲状腺(せん)ホルモンの形成と関連して考えられている。一方、幼形成熟と似た語として幼生生殖があるが、これは幼形成熟とはまったく異なり、幼生体内の胚細胞(卵細胞)が単為生殖を行う場合をいい、吸虫類やタマカの幼生でみられる現象である。 [雨宮昭南] ©大片忠明"> 無脊椎動物のおもな幼生 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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