It is a form of beauty whose essence is the expression of charm and virtue, and is counted among the aesthetic categories. [Ichiro Taki] Grace as a charm that goes beyond techniqueIn ancient Greece, grace (χρις) was thought to combine beauty and goodness in the context of love. In Rome, Pliny the Elder translated charis into Latin as venustas to describe the incomparable charm of the Greek painter Apelles (c. 325 BC), and Cicero and Quintilian also used the word venustas or gratia to mean grace, discussing the effect of the simple Attic style of the Greek orator Lysias (c. 458-c. 380 BC). In other words, grace was not clearly theorized in ancient times, but was known in the arts of oratory, literature, and plastic arts as an indefinable perfection accompanied by simplicity, naturalness, and ease, and was perceived as a gift of nature and genius rather than technique or rules, and as appealing to the heart rather than reason. In the Middle Ages, Gratia was mainly used in the theological sense of God's favor, but this concept was spread throughout Europe to mean grace in the Renaissance, when Castiglione recognized the unaffected nonchalance in the attitude and behavior of an ideal courtier and considered this to be the source of grace (Italian: grazia) (Book of the Courtier, 1528). Vasari defined grace as "an indefinable quality that depends on personal judgment and therefore on the eye," in contrast to beauty as "a rational quality that depends on rules." Dolce spoke of the charm of grace with the word "non so ché" (a term derived from Petrarch and later translated into French as je-ne-sais-quoi), and ranked Raphael's lightness as graceful, above Michelangelo's. In this way, grace that transcends rules was contrasted with beauty based on proportion, but in the 18th century, this unconventionality, which was considered a characteristic of grace, was ascribed to the sublime, and the concept of grace was belittled and came to be thought of primarily as the beauty of movement. [Ichiro Taki] Grace as beauty in movementNeoplatonic aesthetics in the 15th and 16th centuries, which sought the principle of beauty in grace, regarded grace as an expression of the spirit and promoted the idea of linking movement with grace. The Third Earl of Shaftesbury had already found grace in the movements of the human body, and under his influence, Hogarth called wavy lines beautiful lines and meandering lines wrapped around a cone graceful lines. Schiller, who theorized grace as an ethical issue, recognized grace in the sympathetic movements of humans accompanied by moral emotions, and saw grace as the expression of a "beautiful soul" that is in a state of complete harmony between reason and sensibility. On the other hand, H. Spencer, who interprets grace from a mechanistic perspective, considers "economy of force" to be the principle of grace, and argues that the pleasure of grace is born from muscular sympathy. Based on this, Bergson explains the appeal of grace, which is "immateriality that penetrates into matter," in terms of the affinity between physical sympathy and mental sympathy, and further believes that when grace is fixed, it becomes beautiful. In the 20th century, Valéry's theory of grace, which uses the metaphor of a "singing building" to discuss grace in architecture as a force that stirs the soul of the viewer and stimulates creativity, attracted attention. [Ichiro Taki] "The Courtiers of Castiglione, translated and annotated by Shimizu Junichi, Iwakura Tomochika, and Amano Megumi (1987, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "Time and Freedom, translated by Hirai Hiroyuki (included in Bergson Complete Works 1, 1965, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Laughter, by Bergson, translated by Hayashi Tatsuo (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Eupalinos, translated by Ibuki Takehiko (included in Valéry Complete Works 3, Dialogues, 1967, Chikuma Shobo)" ▽ "Aesthetics, Volume 2, Theory of Aesthetic Categories, by Onishi Katsunori (1960, Kobundo)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, edited by Takeuchi Toshio, Revised Edition (1974, Kobundo)" ▽ "Prospects for Early Modern Aesthetics, by Sasaki Kenichi (included in Lecture Series on Aesthetics 1, edited by Imamichi Tomonobu) (Collected in "History of Aesthetics" (1984, University of Tokyo Press) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
魅力、美徳の表出を本質とする美の一形態で、美的範疇(はんちゅう)の一つに数えられる。 [瀧 一郎] 技巧を超える魅力としての優美古代ギリシアにおいて優美(χρις)は、愛との連関の下に美と善とを結び付けたものとして考えられた。ローマではプリニウス(大)がcharisをvenustasとラテン語に訳して、ギリシアの画家アペレスApellēs(前325ころの人)の比類ない魅力を説明し、キケロやクインティリアヌスもvenustasないしgratiaという語を優美の意に用いて、ギリシアの演説代作者リシアスLysias(前458ころ―前380ころ)のアッティカ方言による簡素な文体がもつ効果を論じた。つまり古代において優美は、明確に理論化されることはなかったが、雄弁術や文学・造形芸術の様式上、単純さ・自然さ・容易さを伴う定義不可能な完全性として知られ、技巧や規則よりむしろ自然や天分の賜物(たまもの)と感じ取られ、理性よりも心情に訴えるものとして見分けられていた。Gratiaは中世には、おもに神の恵みとしての恩寵(おんちょう)という神学上の意味で用いられるが、この概念が優美の意味でヨーロッパ中に広められるのは、ルネサンス期にカスティリオーネが、理想的な廷臣の態度ふるまいに気どりのない無頓着(むとんじゃく)さを認め、これを優美grazia(イタリア語)の源泉とみて(『宮廷人の書』1528)以来のことである。バザーリは「規則に依存する合理的な質」としての美に対して、優美を「〈個人的〉判断力に、したがって目に依存する定義しがたい質」とした。ドルチェは「いわく、いいがたいもの」non so ché(ペトラルカに由来し、のちにje-ne-sais-quoiと仏訳される術語)ということばで優美の魅力を語り、ラファエッロの軽やかさを優美なものとしてミケランジェロの上に置いた。こうして規則を超える優美は、プロポーションに基づく美と対比されてきたが、18世紀になると優美の特徴とされていたこの破格性は崇高に帰せられ、優美の概念は矮小(わいしょう)化して、おもに動きの美として考えられるようになる。 [瀧 一郎] 運動における美としての優美美の原理を優美に求める15、6世紀の新プラトン主義的美論は、優美を精神の表れとしてとらえて、動きと優美を結び付ける考えを促した。シャフツベリ伯(3世)はすでに人体の動作に優美をみいだしており、その影響下にホガースは、波状線を美の線とよび、円錐(えんすい)に巻き付けられた蛇行線を優美の線とよんだ。優美を倫理の問題として理論づけたシラーは、道徳的感情を伴う人間の共感的運動に優美を認め、理性と感性との全き調和状態である「美しき魂」の表出を優美とみている。 一方、機械論的解釈をするH・スペンサーは「力の節約」を優美の原理とし、筋肉感覚的な共感によって優美の快が生まれるとした。これを踏まえてベルクソンは、「物質の中に入り込む非物質性」である優美の魅力を、肉体的共感と精神的共感との親近性によって説明し、さらに優美が固定されると美になると考える。20世紀では「歌う建物」という譬喩(ひゆ)を用いて建築における優美を、見る者の魂を揺さぶり創造力をかき立てる力として論じたバレリーの優美論が注目される。 [瀧 一郎] 『カスティリオーネ著、清水純一・岩倉具忠・天野恵訳注『カスティリオーネ宮廷人』(1987・東海大学出版会)』▽『平井啓之訳『時間と自由』(『ベルグソン全集1』所収・1965・白水社)』▽『ベルクソン著、林達夫訳『笑い』(岩波文庫)』▽『伊吹武彦訳『エウパリノス』(『ヴァレリー全集3 対話篇』所収・1967・筑摩書房)』▽『大西克禮著『美学 下巻 美的範疇論』(1960・弘文堂)』▽『竹内敏雄編『美学事典』増補版(1974・弘文堂)』▽『佐々木健一著『近世美学の展望』(今道友信編『講座美学1 美学の歴史』所収・1984・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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