Yam (English name)

Japanese: ヤムイモ - やむいも(英語表記)yam
Yam (English name)

A general term for edible species of the genus Dioscorea in the family Dioscoreaceae (APG classification: Dioscoreaceae). There are about 600 species of Dioscorea plants in the subtropics and tropics around the world, and many species grow tubers underground. These tubers are botanically rhizophores, contain starch as well as small amounts of protein, and have a unique stickiness. They have been eaten in Asia, Africa, and the Americas since ancient times. Of these, there are about a dozen cultivated species, and over 20 wild species that are eaten. In addition to the wild Japanese yam and the commonly cultivated Chinese yam, the following species are known:

Water yam D. alata L. is native to Southeast Asia and has been cultivated in tropical regions since ancient times, and is still the most widely produced. Other cultivated Asian species include D. esculenta Burk., cashmere D. bulbifera L., and red-spotted yam D. pentaphylla L. In Africa, cultivated species include D. cayennensis Lam., white yam D. rotundata Poir., and in the Americas, D. trifida L..

[Hoshikawa Kiyochika October 19, 2018]

Cultural history

Cultivation of wild yams began in tropical Asia, China, Africa, and tropical America in prehistoric times. The area where yams are cultivated is the western part of West Africa, centered on Nigeria, known as the Yam Belt. Yams are also a staple food in New Guinea and parts of Southeast Asia, and are associated with agricultural ceremonies and myths. The Tsou people of Taiwan have a myth that tells of how yams preceded rice, in which a hole dug through a yam reaches a land of underground inhabitants, and rice is stolen from there as food. Yams, including water yams, were also introduced to Madagascar and the islands of Polynesia and Micronesia by early immigrants. In addition to food, the natives of Africa and Mexico used wild yams, which contain saponin, as a poison to catch fish. In China, they have been used as medicine since ancient times. 19-norprogesterone was produced from diosgenin, a precursor of steroid hormones extracted from Mexican yams, and was marketed as an oral contraceptive (the pill) in 1960. In the Philippines, wubi ice cream is made from water yam.

[Hiroshi Yuasa October 19, 2018]

[References] | Kashuimo | Nagaimo | Yam
Major varieties of yams (pictures of specimens)
©Kanzo Otawa ">

Major varieties of yams (pictures of specimens)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヤマノイモ科(APG分類:ヤマノイモ科)ヤマノイモ属Dioscoreaの食用種の総称。ヤマノイモ属植物は世界中の亜熱帯、熱帯に約600種もあるが、多くの種が地中にいもをつくる。このいもは植物学的には担根体で、デンプンのほか少量のタンパク質を含み、特有の粘りがある。古代からアジア、アフリカ、アメリカ大陸で食用とされた。このうち栽培種は十数種、野生種をとって食べるものは20余種が知られている。日本に野生するヤマノイモや、よく栽培されるナガイモのほか、次の各種が知られている。

 ダイジョD. alata L.は東南アジア原産で、古代から熱帯各地に栽培され、いまも生産量がもっとも多い。アジア産としてはこのほかにトゲドコロD. esculenta Burk.、カシュウイモD. bulbifera L.、アケビドコロ(ゴヨウドコロ)D. pentaphylla L.その他が栽培される。アフリカ産ではギニアヤムD. cayennensis Lam.、シロヤムD. rotundata Poir.などが、またアメリカ大陸ではD. trifida L.などが栽培種である。

[星川清親 2018年10月19日]

文化史

有史前から熱帯アジア、中国、アフリカ、熱帯アメリカで独自に野性種から栽培が始まった。もっとも、栽培が盛んな地域はヤムベルトとよばれるナイジェリアを中心とする西アフリカの西部である。ヤムイモはニューギニアや東南アジアの一部でも主食の一つで、農耕儀式や神話にかかわる。台湾のツオウ族は、ヤムイモを掘り進んだ穴が地下の住人の国に達し、そこから盗み出した食物が米であったという、ヤムイモがイネに先だつ神話を持つ。マダガスカル島やポリネシアとミクロネシアの島々にも、ダイジョをはじめとするヤムイモが初期の移住者によって伝播(でんぱ)された。食料以外に、アフリカやメキシコの先住民は、サポニンを含む野性種を魚をとる毒として使った。中国では古代から薬にされた。メキシコヤムから得られるステロイドホルモンの前駆物質であるディオスゲニンを原料に19-ノルプロゲステロンが生産され、経口避妊薬(ピル)として1960年に売り出された。フィリピンではダイジョからウビアイスクリームをつくる。

[湯浅浩史 2018年10月19日]

[参照項目] | カシュウイモ | ナガイモ | ヤマノイモ
ヤムイモのおもな品種〔標本画〕
©大多和鐘三">

ヤムイモのおもな品種〔標本画〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Arrow worm - Arrow worm

>>:  Yamizo Mountains - Yamizosanchi

Recommend

Vodyanoi

…The thunder god Perun occupied the highest posit...

Iwami mine

...In the Middle Ages, the town was centered in O...

flow-of-funds accounts

…also called flow-of-funds accounts or money flow...

Aromatic compounds - aromatic compounds

All organic compounds can be broadly classified i...

Good harvest - Housaku

〘 noun 〙 A large harvest of agricultural products....

Ikhwān al‐Ṣafā' (English spelling) [Arabic]

Meaning "Pure Brothers," it was a secret...

Parnassius subfamily - Pale red butterfly

… Swallowtail butterflies are divided into two su...

state variable

...The past circumstances under which the current...

Pigeon guillemot - Pigeon guillemot

A medium-sized bird of the Charadriiformes family ...

Nicolas Flamel

Around 1330 - 1418 A French alchemist born in Pont...

General Certificate of Education

...Today, the pass rate for the baccalauréat is 7...

headfish

…It has no pelvic fins, but its dorsal and anal f...

Kishimoto Suifu

Senryu (Japanese senryu) writer. His real name wa...

eyebrow pencil

...But by the mid-19th century, eyebrow ink, made...

Flag system - Shokiseido

It was a measure to stimulate labor efficiency und...