Yamagata Daini

A Confucian scholar and military scholar in the mid-Edo period. His given name was Masatsune, and his pen name was Kimikatsu. Daini was his nickname. He was called Ryusho. He was born in the 10th year of the Kyoho era in Shinohara Village, Koma County, Kai Province (Yamanashi Prefecture) as the second son of Murase Tamenobu (also called Yamagata or Nozawa Masataka). His father was a local samurai, and later became a yoriki in Kofu. His ancestor was Yamagata Masakage (?-1575), a subordinate general of the Takeda clan. In his early years, he studied Japanese classics under Kagami Ou (Mitsuaki, 1711-1782), a descendant of Yamazaki Ansai, and Confucianism under Gomi Fusen (Kokutei, 1718-1754), a senior disciple of Dazai Shundai. After his elder brother was stripped of his position as a police officer due to his involvement in the murder of his younger brother, he changed his surname from Murase to his original name, Yamagata, and went to Edo to serve Ooka Tadamitsu. In 1751 (the first year of the Horeki era), he became the magistrate of Tadamitsu's territory in Katsuura, Kazusa Province (Chiba Prefecture). When Tadamitsu became a chamberlain and lord of Iwatsuki Castle in Musashi Province (Saitama Prefecture), Oinani also served at the Edo domain residence and served as Tadamitsu's aide as a physician and Confucian scholar. During his service, the Horeki Incident involving Takeuchi Shikibu occurred in Kyoto in 1758, which is said to have shocked Oinani. At the time, Oinani was anonymously writing "Ryushi Shinron" (a new theory of Ryushi) (completed in February 1759), in which he criticized the Shogunate's hegemonic government, lamented the decline of imperial power and the rise of military might, and secretly promoted the idea of ​​overthrowing the Shogunate. After his lord Tadamitsu died in 1760, he retired from the Ooka family and opened a private school in Nagasawa-cho, Hatchobori, Edo (Chuo-ku, Tokyo) as a ronin scholar, lecturing on Confucianism and military science. It flourished, and many feudal samurai and ronin studied under him. It is also notable that during his time in Nagasawa-cho he wrote a number of books, including medical books, military books, astronomy books, and Japanese mathematics books. In December 1766 (Meiwa 3), the Meiwa Incident occurred, and Oini was arrested along with his roommate Fujii Uemon. He was sentenced to death on August 21, 1767, and executed the following day. He was 43 years old.

[Tadao Yamada July 19, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸中期の儒者、兵学者。名は昌貞、字(あざな)は公勝。大弐は通称。柳荘と号した。享保(きょうほう)10年甲斐(かい)国（山梨県）巨摩(こま)郡篠原村に村瀬為信(むらせためのぶ)（別に山県または野沢昌高(のざわまさたか)とも称した）の次子として生まれる。父は郷士、のち甲府の与力となる。先祖は武田(たけだ)氏の部将山県昌景(まさかげ)（？―1575）という。少時国学を山崎闇斎(やまざきあんさい)の流れをくむ加賀美桜塢(かがみおうう)（光章(みつあき)、1711―1782）に、儒学を太宰春台(だざいしゅんだい)の高弟五味釜川(ごみふせん)（国鼎(こくてい)、1718―1754）に学んだ。弟の殺人事件に絡む兄の与力改易に伴い村瀬姓から本姓山県に復し、江戸へ出て大岡忠光(おおおかただみつ)に仕えて、1751年（宝暦1）上総(かずさ)国（千葉県）勝浦の忠光の領地の代官となった。忠光が側用人(そばようにん)、武蔵(むさし)国（埼玉県）岩槻(いわつき)城主となると、大弐も江戸藩邸出仕となり、医官兼儒者として忠光の側近に侍した。仕官中の1758年に京都で竹内式部(たけのうちしきぶ)の宝暦(ほうれき)事件が起きているが、この事件は大弐に衝撃を与えたとされる。おりから大弐は匿名で『柳子(りゅうし)新論』を著述中（1759年2月成稿）であったが、同書中で幕府の秕政(ひせい)を批判し、朝権が衰え武威が盛んなるさまを慨嘆して、倒幕思想を暗々裏に展開していた。1760年に主君忠光が死ぬと大岡家を致仕し、浪人学者として江戸八丁堀長沢町（東京都中央区）に塾を開き儒学・兵学を講義したが、大いに栄え、その門に学ぶ諸藩士・浪人などが多かった。この長沢町時代に医学書、兵書、天文書、和算書など数々の著述をしたことも注目される。1766年（明和3）12月明和(めいわ)事件が起き、大弐は同居中の藤井右門(ふじいうもん)とあわせて逮捕され、翌1767年8月21日死罪の判決が下り翌日刑死した。43歳。

［山田忠雄　2016年7月19日］

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