Also called the Moho. A surface where the velocity of seismic waves changes discontinuously at a depth of about 35 km on average under the continents and 5-10 km on the ocean floor. This discontinuous surface is the boundary between the crust and the mantle. It was named after A. Mohorovicic in 1909, who suggested the existence of this discontinuous surface. It is known worldwide that the P-wave velocity of seismic waves changes quite abruptly from 6-7 km/s to about 8 km/s, the S-wave velocity changes from about 3.5 km/s to about 4.5 km/s, and the density changes quite abruptly from 2.7-3.0 g/cm 3 to 3.3 g/cm 3 at the Moho. A model has been proposed to explain the difference in physical properties between the crust and mantle at the Moho boundary as being due to the crust being made of basalt and the mantle being made of peridotite. According to this theory, the Moho is the boundary between the crust, which is made of basic rock, and the mantle, which is made of ultrabasic rock. There is also a theory that the mantle is made of basalt-textured material that undergoes a phase transition under high pressure and turns into eclogite and other rocks. The depth of the Moho reaches 50 to 60 km in mountainous regions of the continental crust, which is deeper than in other regions, and this is explained by isostasy. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
モホ面ともいう。大陸の下では平均約 35km,海洋底では5~10kmの深さで地震波の速度が不連続的に変化する面。この不連続面を地殻とマントルの境とする。 1909年 A.モホロビチッチがこの不連続面の存在を示唆したことによって命名された。モホ面を境にして,地震波のP波速度は 6~7km/s から約 8km/s に,S波は約 3.5km/s から約 4.5km/s に,密度は 2.7~3.0g/cm3 から 3.3g/cm3 にそれぞれかなり急に変化することが世界的に認められる。このようにモホ面を境にした地殻とマントルの物性の差異を,地殻は玄武岩,マントルは橄欖 (かんらん) 岩でできているためと説明するモデルが提示されている。この説では地殻は塩基性岩,マントルは超塩基性岩という化学組成の急に異なる境がモホ面となる。このほか,マントルは玄武岩組織の物質が高圧下で相転移を起してエクロジャイトなどに変っているという説などもある。モホ面の深さが大陸地殻の山岳地域では 50~60kmに及び,他地域よりも深いことはアイソスタシーで説明される。
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