Formal clothing worn to mourn the dead and express grief. Also called "kyōfuku." In the past, it referred to clothing worn during a period of mourning. Other expressions include fujigoromo (simple clothing woven from wisteria and kudzu fibers), iro (dull-colored mourning clothing), sumi-zome no robe (mouse-colored mourning clothing), and sofuku (plain clothing made from hemp). Today, it refers to clothing worn at funerals, memorial services, wakes, burials, and memorial services for the anniversary of a death of a relative, friend, or acquaintance. [Kazuko Okano] Japanese clothingMen's traditional clothing is the same as the auspicious clothing, with black habutae (twill), dyed with five crests, and hakama over the haori. Women's traditional clothing is black habutae (twill), crepe with five crests, and plain silk in summer. Traditionally, white underwear is worn underneath, but in recent years this has often been omitted. The obi (belt) is black habutae, satin, or patterned weave, and in summer plain silk or silk tsuzure (twill), and if it is patterned, auspicious designs are avoided. Gold or silver paint, or white background with the character for "dream" or a sutra is often used. The juban (long undergarment) is white habutae or rinzu, and for summer, white plain silk or hemp is used, with a white silk crepe and habutae half-collar. The obijime (sash fastener) is black habutae with a rounded sleeve, the obiage (obiage) is black habutae and rinzu (formal), and white tabi (socks). The zori (sandals) and bag are made of black cloth, and if leather is used, choose non-shiny ones. For semi-formal attire for occasions such as a wake or anniversaries of death, a plain-colored kimono with one or three crests in cool colors is used, and the rest of the attire is the same as for formal attire. The mourning clothing system can be seen in the Nara period Yoro Code, and the Wamyōshō states that "Fujigoromo is mourning clothing." In the Heian period, black plain silk robes and dull plain silk outer hakama were used, with close relatives wearing dark black and distant relatives wearing light black. Later, samurai followed suit, and in the Edo period, men wore hemp robes and women wore plain white wedding kimonos. After the Meiji period, the mourning clothing of the emperor was decided to be a black tsurubamiketeki robes. Until the end of the Meiji period, men's mourning clothing for close relatives consisted of a white long kimono with a light blue hakama. In some regions, white kataginu (shoulder garment) was worn over the crested clothing, and chihaya (striped kimono) was also used. From the Meiji period through to the beginning of the Showa period, women, the chief mourner and close relatives wore a pure white habutae kimono, a white or light blue habutae, satin or patterned obi, a white nagajuban (long underkimono), a white half-collar, a white round-sleeved obijime (sash fastening), and a white obiage (belt sash). [Kazuko Okano] Western clothingA black garment worn by mourners or mourners to mourn the dead; also called a mourning dress. In the past, mourning clothes referred to the clothes worn by close relatives during mourning, and were called deep mourning clothes or half mourning clothes. The mourning period was sometimes as long as three years or more, but usually lasted from six months to one year after the death. In recent years, this custom has fallen into disuse, and mourning clothes have come to refer to ceremonial attire worn at funerals, funerals, memorial services, and wakes. The mourning colors vary by era, race, and religion, but include black, gray, white, mauve, and dark blue. As the name "White Queen" suggests, white was the mourning color of former royalty. There is also a portrait of Mary Stuart of England wearing a black velvet robe and a white veil. White was also the mourning color in Provence, France, and Italy. In the past, typical morning dress was usually made of non-shiny black fabrics, and sometimes white crepe was used for the neckline, but accessories such as shoes, socks, gloves, and veils were also dark in color. A morning veil was a thin black veil that covered the face during mourning. It was formally a black ninon (a taut silk like organza) with a black gauze border, and was fastened to the head with a black or gray morning pin. The border was wider for closer relatives and thinner for more distant relatives. This was a custom that began after the 17th century, but in informal occasions, a small veil (veil hat) made of fine tulle that only covered the hair was used. In France, from the late 19th century, a "widow's hat" was worn, which was a small round bonnet with a white border and a long veil attached to it, and in informal occasions, a gray or mauve veil was worn. During World War I, mourning clothes even became fashionable. Some women dressed like widows to be lovers with soldiers returning home on leave, or to find husbands. However, after the war, this custom gradually fell into disuse for economic reasons, and simple morning bands and mourning badges were invented. Today, the typical mourning attire for women is a one-piece dress, suit, or ensemble made of non-shiny black material, and for men, a black suit and black tie. [Hirano Yuko] ©Shogakukan "> Mourning clothes (Western style) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
死者を弔い、哀悼を表すために着る礼服。凶服ともいう。古くは一定の期間、喪に服するときにつけた衣服をいった。藤衣(ふじごろも)(藤、葛(かずら)の繊維で織った質素な衣服)、いろ(喪服の鈍色(にびいろ)のこと)、墨染めの衣(ねずみ色の喪服)、素服(そふく)(麻(あさ)の御衣(みそ))などという表現もある。今日では親族、友人、知人の葬式、告別式、通夜(つや)、埋葬、年忌の法事などに着る服をいう。 [岡野和子] 和装男子の和装は吉服と同じで、黒羽二重(はぶたえ)、染抜き五つ紋付、羽織に袴(はかま)をつける。女子の和装は黒羽二重、縮緬(ちりめん)の五つ紋付とし、夏は平絽(ひらろ)を着る。本来は白の下着を重ねるが、近年はこれを略すことが多い。帯は黒羽二重、繻子(しゅす)、紋織、夏は平絽、絽綴(つづれ)とし、柄物(がらもの)の場合は吉祥(きちじょう)文様などを避ける。また金、銀泥(でい)や、白抜きで、「夢」の字や経文を表したものなどが用いられる。長襦袢(じゅばん)は白羽二重、綸子(りんず)で、夏用には白平絽か麻を用い、白塩瀬、羽二重の半衿(はんえり)をかける。帯締は黒羽二重の丸裄(ぐけ)、帯揚は黒羽二重、綸子が正式で、白足袋(たび)を履く。草履(ぞうり)、バッグは黒布製とし、革製を用いるときは、光沢のないものを選ぶ。 通夜、年忌などの際の準礼装には、寒色系の色無地一つ紋または三つ紋を用い、その他は正装と同様にする。 喪服の制度は奈良時代『養老律令(ようろうりつりょう)』からみられ、『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には「不知古路毛(ふじごろも) 喪服也」とある。平安時代には、黒平絹の袍(ほう)と鈍色平絹の表袴(うえのはかま)が用いられたが、近親者は濃い黒を、遠縁の場合は薄墨を着る。のちに武家はこれに準じ、江戸時代には男は麻裃(かみしも)、女は白無垢(むく)を用いた。明治以後、天皇の喪服は黒椽闕腋(つるばみけってき)の袍(ほう)と定められた。男は明治の末まで、近親者の喪服は白の長着に水色の裃をつけた。また地方によっては、紋服の上に白地の肩衣(かたぎぬ)をつけたり、千早(ちはや)を用いることもあった。女は明治から昭和の初めまで、喪主や近親者は白羽二重の無垢に、白か水色の羽二重、繻子、紋織の帯を締め、白の長襦袢に白半衿、白丸裄の帯締、白帯揚の白装束であった。 [岡野和子] 洋装喪中の人または弔問者が死者を哀悼して着る黒い衣服、モーニング・ドレスmourning dressともいう。 かつて喪服は、近親者が喪中に着た衣服をさし、ディープ・モーニング(本喪服)、ハーフ・モーニング(半喪服)などとよばれた。喪の期間は、ときに3年以上という長いものもあったが、通常死後6か月から1年までである。近年はこの習慣が廃れて、喪服といえば、葬儀や告別式、法要や通夜などに着る儀式用の礼服をさすようになった。 喪の色は、時代、民族、宗教によって異なるが、黒、灰色、白、モーブ(藤色)、濃紺などがある。「白喪の女王」の名が示すように、白はかつての王侯の喪の色であった。黒ビロードのローブを着て白いベールをかぶったイギリスのメアリー・スチュアートの肖像も残されている。また白はフランスのプロバンス地方やイタリアでも喪の色であった。 かつての典型的なモーニング・ドレスは、通常光らない黒い布地でつくられ、ときにネックラインに白いクレープを用いる以外は、靴、靴下、手袋、ベールなどアクセサリーも黒っぽい色をつけていた。モーニング・ベールは服喪中に顔を覆う薄地の黒いベールで、正式には黒の紗(しゃ)の縁どりのある黒地のニノン(張りのあるオーガンジーのような絹)を、黒や灰色のモーニング・ピンで頭に留めていた。縁どりの幅は近親者ほど太く、遠いほど細くなる。これは17世紀以後に始まった習慣であるが、略式になると、目の細かいチュールで髪の部分だけを覆う小さめのベール(ベール・ハット)が用いられていた。フランスでは19世紀末期から、白い縁どりのついた小さな丸いボンネットに長いベールをつけた「未亡人の帽子(ボネ)」とよばれるものをかぶり、略式には灰色やモーブのベールがあった。第一次世界大戦時には、喪服がモードにさえなった。一部の女性が、休暇で帰還している兵士を愛人とするため、あるいは夫をみつけるために、後家のような服装をしたのである。しかし大戦後、経済的な理由からこの習慣はしだいに廃れていき、簡単なモーニング・バンドや喪章が考案された。現在、女性は、光らない黒の素材のワンピースかスーツ、あるいはアンサンブル、男性は、黒のスーツに黒のネクタイが代表的な喪の装いになっている。 [平野裕子] ©Shogakukan"> 喪服(洋装) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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