Mezzogiorno

Japanese: メッツォジョルノ

Refers to southern Italy. Geographically, it includes the provinces of Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Basilicata, and Calabria, and generally refers to the peninsula south of Rome. In a broader sense, Sicily and Sardinia may also be included. Historically, this area includes parts of the former Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. After the unification of Italy in 1861, rapid industrial development occurred in northern Italy, but in the south, traditional large land ownership greatly restricted agricultural and economic modernization. Until after World War II, the so-called "alliance between northern industrialists and southern large landowners" meant that the south was a source of labor, capital, and agricultural products for northern industry, as well as a market for industrial products, and the "southern problem" of economic disparity between the north and south, poverty, immigration, discrimination, and prejudice became apparent early on. However, as a result of the high growth rate that was called "Italian economic miracle", a large population outflow occurred in the south, and the large land ownership system was in danger. The establishment of the EEC made it difficult to continue the grain protection policy, and the spread of agricultural machinery and chemical fertilizers called for the rationalization and intensification of agricultural management. From the late 1950s, the government developed heavy and chemical industries in specific regions, and in the agricultural sector, it adopted a policy of preferentially concentrating investment in specific regions, and also attempted to concentrate capital investment by utilizing state holding companies. As a result of this government intervention, various facilities such as roads, railways, ports, water supply and sewerage, hospitals, and schools were developed, and large industrial zones were formed in Taranto, Gela Augusta Ragusa, Brindisi, and other places. However, only some regions and industrial sectors benefited from the southern development policy, and the ripple effect on the surrounding regional economies was extremely limited, so the old north-south gap has not been eliminated and a new imbalance has arisen within the south.
→ Related article Italy | Campania [region]

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

イタリア南部を指す。地域的には，アブルッツォ，モリーゼ，カンパニア，プーリア，バジリカータ，カラブリアの諸州がこれに当たり，おおよそローマより南方の半島部を指す。広い意味ではシチリアとサルデーニャを加えることもある。歴史的には旧教皇領の一部とナポリ王国がこの範囲に相当する。1861年のイタリア統一後，北イタリアでは急激な工業発達がみられたが，南部では伝統的な大土地所有制が農業・経済の近代化を大きく制約していた。第２次大戦後までいわゆる〈北部の工業家と南部の大土地所有者の同盟〉によって，南部は北部工業にとって労働力，資本，農産物の供給地，かつ，工業製品の市場であって，早くから南北の経済格差，貧困，移民，差別，偏見といった〈南部問題〉が顕在化していた。しかし〈イタリア経済の奇跡〉と呼ばれた高度成長の結果，南部では大量の人口流出が生じ，大土地所有制が危機に瀕し，EECの成立で穀物保護政策続行が困難になり，農業機械，化学肥料の普及によって農業経営の合理化，集約化が要請されるようになった。政府は1950年代後半から重化学工業を特定の地域で育成し，農業部門についても特定地域に優先的に集中投資する政策をとり，さらに国家持株会社を活用して集中的な資本投下を図った。このような政府の介入の結果，道路，鉄道，港湾，上下水道，病院，学校などの諸設備が整備され，ターラント，ジェーラ・アウグスタ・ラグーザ，ブリンディジなどに大工業地帯が形成された。しかしながら南部開発政策の恩恵を受けたのは一部の地域，産業部門にしかすぎず，周辺の地域経済に対する波及効果はきわめて限定的であったため，従来からの南北格差は依然として解消されず，南部の内部に新たな不均衡が生じる結果となっている。
→関連項目イタリア｜カンパニア［州］

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