Impermanence - Mujou

Japanese: 無常 - むじょう
Impermanence - Mujou

A Buddhist term. In Sanskrit it is called anitya, and in Pali it is called anicca. It means something that is not constant, something that changes and does not remain constant for even a moment, and something that is born, dies, and changes.

The first of the three Dharma Seals that are said to have been preached by Shakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, was "impermanence of all things." Primitive Buddhist scriptures often state that everything is painful because it is impermanent, and impermanence is considered the basis of the suffering of human existence. In other words, any pleasure is impermanent, so it will gradually change and become suffering. However, the optimistic idea that suffering changes and turns into pleasure is not present in Buddhist impermanence. This is because primitive Buddhism always places the outcome of changes in human existence in illness, aging, and death.

In the Hinayana Buddhism, the structure of impermanence is understood and explained more precisely. In particular, the Sarvastivada school (Sarvāstivādin) posits 75 dharmas (dharmas) as components of human beings and all existence in the world, and states that these dharmas have self-nature (their own nature) and self-characteristics (their own characteristics), and are the smallest entities that can independently participate in the field of cognition (this is called "dharmas are real entities"). They then classify these into those that do not change with time, that is, those that are eternal (non-permanent dharmas), and those that change with time, that is, those that are impermanent (permanent dharmas). Of the 75 dharmas, there are three non-permanent dharmas, such as nirvana, and the remaining 72 are permanent dharmas. So why are the real permanent dharmas impermanent? According to the Sarvastivada school, dharmas flow in the order of future life → present life → past life. The law of the future world appears in the present world for a moment due to a karmic condition, is recognized by us, and then falls back to the past world in the next moment. Therefore, matter (which also consists of several components, i.e., laws) appears to us as the same thing that exists for a long time and changes, but in fact, at each moment, similar matter is drawn from the future world and forms the present phenomenon. It is like each frame of a movie being projected on the screen for a moment, but to us it appears as the same thing that exists continuously. Moreover, the law in each of the three worlds is real. This is the famous Sarvatan theory of the real existence of the three worlds. The reason why Sarvatan advocated the theory of the real existence of the three worlds was, of course, to precisely understand the structure of impermanence by regarding impermanence as momentary destruction (meaning arising and disappearing every moment), but another reason was that it was required that law continue to exist in the three worlds in order for the good and bad deeds of humans performed in the past to necessarily cause their results in the future. Sarvatan defined the meaning of impermanence in this way.

The later Mahayana Buddhist Prajnaparamita Sutra criticized the Sarvatya school's idea of ​​real existence and claimed that all dharmas are empty and impermanent based on the theory of dependent origination. In other words, while the Sarvatya school of Hinayana Buddhism explained impermanence based on the theory of the existence of three worlds, the Mahayana Buddhist Prajnaparamita Sutra explained impermanence based on the theory of dependent origination. However, strictly speaking, if dharmas are empty, it should be impossible to say that dharmas arise or perish. It is because we think of something as substantial that we speak of birth and perish. Therefore, the Madhyamaka school based on the Prajnaparamita Sutra advocated "non-birth and non-destruction" and said that the distinction between impermanence and permanence is meaningless (a frivolous theory). In other words, it is correct to observe impermanence, but it is also wrong to cling to impermanence, and they advocated a true view of emptiness based on dependent origination. It can be said that later Mahayana Buddhism in general also holds this position on impermanence.

[Kato Junsho]

"Analysis of Existence (Abhidharma)" by Sakurabe Ken (collected in Buddhist Thought 2, 1969, Kadokawa Shoten)""Enlightenment and Dedication" by Kajiyama Yuichi (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)"Thoughts of Early Buddhism" by Saegusa Mitsunori (1978, Institute of Oriental Philosophy)"

[References] | Impermanence of all things | Hinayana Buddhism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教の術語。サンスクリット語でアニトヤanitya、パーリ語でアニッチャaniccaという。常ならざること、移り変わってすこしもとどまらないこと、生滅変化することを意味する。

 仏教の創始者釈尊が説いたといわれる三法印(さんぼういん)中の第一は「諸行無常」であった。また原始仏教経典にはしばしば、一切(いっさい)のものは無常であるから苦である、と述べられ、無常は人間存在の苦の根拠とされている。すなわち、如何(いか)なる楽しみも無常であるからしだいに変化して苦しみになる、という意味である。しかし逆に苦しみが変化して楽しみになる、という楽天的な意味は仏教の無常にはない。それは、原始仏教が人間存在の変遷の帰結をつねに病・老死に置くからである。

 部派仏教になると、無常の構造をさらに精緻(せいち)に理解・説明せんとするに至る。とくに説一切有部(せついっさいうぶ)(サルバースティバーディンSarvāstivādin)は、人間および世界の全存在の構成要素として75の法(ダルマdharma)を想定し、これらの法は自性(じしょう)(自己の本性)・自相(じそう)(自己の特徴)を有し、独立して認識の場に参加しうる最小限の実体であるとした(これを「法が実有(じつう)である」という)。そしてこれらを時間によって変化しないもの、つまり常住なもの(無為(むい)法)と、時間によって変化するもの、つまり無常なもの(有為(うい)法)に分類した。75法のうち無為法は涅槃(ねはん)などの3法であり、残りの72法が有為法である。それではなぜ実有なる有為法が無常なのか。有部によれば法は未来世→現在世→過去世の順序で流れている。未来世の法が因縁を得て一瞬だけ現在世に現れ、われわれに認識され、次の瞬間過去世に落ちてしまう。それゆえ物質(これもいくつかの構成要素、つまり法からなっている)も、われわれには同一のものが長時間存在しつつ変化していくようにみえるが、実は一瞬一瞬よく似た物質が未来世から引き出され現在の現象を形づくっているのである。あたかも映画のフィルムの各コマが一瞬だけスクリーンに映し出されているのに、われわれには同一のものが連続して存在するように見えるようなものである。しかも三世のおのおのにおける法は実有であるという。これが有名な有部の三世実有説である。有部が三世実有説を唱えた理由は、もちろん、無常を刹那滅(せつなめつ)(一瞬ごとに生じては滅する意)ととらえることによって無常の構造を精密に理解するためであったが、さらに他の理由は、過去になされた人間の善悪業(ごう)が未来にかならずその結果を引き起こすには三世に法が存在し続けなければならないと要請されたためである。有部はこのように無常の意味を厳密に規定した。

 のちにおこった大乗仏教の『般若経(はんにゃきょう)』は有部の実有思想を批判し、縁起説に基づいて一切の法は空であり、無常であると主張した。すなわち、部派仏教の有部が三世実有説によって無常を説明したのに対し、大乗仏教の『般若経』では縁起説によって無常を説明したのである。しかし厳密に考えると、法が空であれば、法が生ずるとか滅するとかいうこともできないはずである。なにか実体を考えるからこそ生・滅というのである。それゆえ『般若経』に基づく中観(ちゅうがん)派は「不生不滅」を唱え、無常と常住の区別は無意味(戯論(けろん))であるとした。つまり、無常を観ずることは正しいが、無常に執着することも誤りであるとして、縁起に基づく真の空観(くうがん)を主張した。後の大乗仏教一般も無常について、この立場を保っているといえる。

[加藤純章]

『桜部建著「存在の分析〈アビダルマ〉」(『仏教の思想 2』所収・1969・角川書店)』『梶山雄一著『さとりと廻向』(講談社現代新書)』『三枝充悳著『初期仏教の思想』(1978・東洋哲学研究所)』

[参照項目] | 諸行無常 | 部派仏教

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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