A description of the living world of a particular ethnic group. Typically, it includes material culture, livelihood activities, ecological environment, social organization, kinship system, folklore, religion, and sometimes language and history. Ethnography has ancient origins and has developed along with the expansion of awareness of other ethnic groups. Herodotus, known as the father of history, who described the world of various ethnic groups in the 5th century BC, can also be called the "father of ethnography" in this sense. Even before the word ethnography (ethno = ethnic group, graphy = description) appeared in the 19th century and anthropology was established as a discipline, many travelers, missionaries, administrators, and others had written ethnographies. In 1800, the French philosopher Degerand wrote the first ethnographic manual, "Reflections on the Methods of Engaging in the Observation of Savage Peoples," for people going on expeditions to Africa and Australia. In this book, he argues that the best way to gain proper knowledge of savage peoples is to learn their language, become familiar with their ways, and become their companions. However, this idea of ethnography had little impact on 19th-century anthropology, which was primarily interested in reconstructing the history of the past. It was not until the 20th century that a new kind of ethnography emerged, which rejected the reconstruction of history through speculation and instead focused on observing people's daily lives, ritual activities, economic activities, and other cultural behaviors, using the method of Degerande. In 1922, two groundbreaking ethnographies, Radcliffe Brown's Andaman Islanders and Malinowski's Ocean Voyagers of the Western Pacific, were published. The most important issues in ethnographic description are the question of what constitutes the world in which people live, and the question of the relationship between objective facts and the subjectivity of the observer. It has often been said that ethnography describes facts (= materials), while cultural anthropology and social anthropology make comparisons and theorize, but there are no objective facts (or descriptions) independent of any theory (or perspective). Ethnography does not describe permanent and unchanging facts, but changes with changes in the way the world is viewed, as seen in the emergence of new ethnography under the influence of Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology. [Yasushi Kato] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
特定の民族集団の、生きている世界についての記述。典型的には、物質文化、生業活動、生態環境、社会組織、親族体系、伝承、宗教など、ときには言語や歴史も含まれる。民族誌の起源は古く、異民族に対する認識活動の拡大とともに発展してきた。紀元前5世紀のさまざまな民族の世界を記述した、歴史の父とよばれるヘロドトスは、こうした意味において「民族誌の父」ともよびうる。19世紀に民族誌(エスノグラフィー、エスノethno=民族、グラフィーgraphy=記述)ということばが現れ、また学科としての人類学が成立する以前から、多くの旅行者、宣教師、行政官などによって民族誌が書き残されてきた。1800年にフランスの哲学者デジェランドが、アフリカやオーストラリアに探検に出かける人々のために、最初の民族誌の手引書とでもいうべき『未開民族の観察に従事するための諸方法に関する考察』を書いた。彼はこのなかで、未開人についての正しい知識を得るための最善の方法は、ことばを覚えて彼らの流儀に親しみ仲間になることであると主張している。しかし、民族誌についてのこの考えは、もっぱら過去の歴史の再構成に関心を向けた19世紀の人類学にはほとんど影響を与えなかった。推量による歴史の再構成を排し、デジェランドの方法によって人々の日常生活、儀礼的活動、経済行為その他の文化的行動の観察を主眼とする新しい民族誌は20世紀になってから登場した。 1922年は画期的な二つの民族誌、ラドクリフ・ブラウンの『アンダマン島民』とマリノフスキーの『西太平洋の遠洋航海者』が出版された。民族誌の記述に関してもっとも重要なのは、何をもって人々の生きる世界とするかという問題と、客観的事実と観察者の主観性の関係についての問題である。しばしば、民族誌は事実(=素材)を記述し、文化人類学や社会人類学は比較をしたり理論化を行うといわれてきたが、どのような理論(あるいは見方)からも独立した客観的事実(あるいは記述)はありえない。民族誌は恒久不変の事実を記載しているのではなく、レビ(レヴィ)・ストロースの構造人類学の影響のもとに新民族誌が現れたように、世界の見方の変化とともに変わっているのである。 [加藤 泰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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