Manners

Japanese: マナー

A unit of land management for feudal lords in medieval England. It corresponds to the Grundherrschaft in Germany and the Seigniere in France. There were several manors in one village, or several villages formed one manor, and the size and content of manors varied greatly depending on the region and era. It was established around the 10th century, at the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and is said to have reached its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries. The cultivated land of a manor was usually divided into land directly managed by the lord and land owned by farmers, and the farmers who were directly responsible for cultivating it were called serfs. A manor in which rent was paid by cultivating the land directly managed by the lord (corvée, labor rent) was called a classical manor. However, with the spread of the monetary economy from the 12th century onwards, it became common for lords to divide their directly managed land and let the farmers own it, and to collect rent in the form of money. This raised the economic status of the farmers, and by the 15th century the manor was gradually dissolved. → Manor

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中世イングランドにおける封建領主の土地経営の単位。ドイツのグルントヘルシャフトやフランスのセニュリに対応する。１つの村落に数個のマナーが存在したり，またはいくつかの村落が１つのマナーを形作ったり，その広さや内容は地域と時代において大きな偏差がある。アングロ・サクソン時代の末期の10世紀ごろに成立し，12・13世紀にその最盛期を迎えたとされる。マナーの耕地は通常，領主直営地と農民保有地に分かれ，直接耕作を担当する農民は農奴とよばれ，領主直営地を耕作することによって地代を払う（賦役，労働地代）形態をとるものを古典荘園とよぶ。しかし12世紀以降貨幣経済の浸透とともに，領主は直営地を分割して農民に保有させ，貨幣による地代をとることが一般化した。これにより農民の経済的な地位が上昇して，15世紀になるとマナーはしだいに解体した。→荘園

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