Warranty - Bürgschaft

Japanese: 保証 - ほしょう（英語表記）Bürgschaft

In the Civil Code, it means the assumption of responsibility to perform the principal debt if it is not performed (guarantee obligation), or a contract that promises to do so (guarantee contract). A guarantee obligation is a typical example of a personal guarantee system, and generally, all of the guarantor's assets are secured, but there are also guarantees in which only specific assets are provided to the creditor as security for the principal debt (→ real guarantor). A damage guarantee contract in which the guarantor independently assumes the debt is also called a guarantee (→ personal guarantee). There are generally no restrictions on the qualifications to become a guarantor who assumes the debt of a guarantee obligation, but in particular, when the principal debtor is obligated to provide a guarantor, in principle, it is limited to those who have the capacity to act and the financial means to repay (Article 450, paragraph 1). A guarantee is made by a guarantee contract between the creditor and the guarantor to secure the principal debt, and under this contract the guarantor assumes the guarantee obligation to the creditor. There are ordinary guarantees and joint guarantees. In normal circumstances, the guarantor only assumes the obligation to perform supplementarily with respect to the obligation of the principal debtor, and is therefore entitled to exercise the right to demand and the right to search, but a joint guarantor is not entitled to these. In addition, the guarantor's obligation presupposes the existence of the principal debtor (subordination) and has the same content (identity), so it is not heavier than the principal debt, and will be extinguished if the principal debt is extinguished.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

民法では，主たる債務が履行されない場合，その履行をなすべき責任を負担すること (保証債務) ，あるいはそのことを約束する契約 (保証契約) をいう。保証債務は人的担保制度の典型であり，一般に保証人の全財産が引当てとなるが，特定の財産だけを主たる債務の引当てとして債権者に提供する保証 (→物上保証人 ) もある。なお保証人が独立に債務を負う損害担保契約も保証と呼ばれる (→身元保証 ) 。保証債務を負担する保証人になれる資格は，一般に制限はないが，特に主たる債務者が保証人を立てる義務を負う場合には，原則として行為能力者で，弁済の資力をもっている者に限られる (450条1項) 。保証は主たる債務の担保のため債権者と保証人との間の保証契約によって行われ，この契約によって保証人は債権者に対して保証債務を負担する。これには，通常の保証と連帯保証がある。通常の場合は，保証人は主たる債務者の債務について補充的に履行をすべき債務を負担するにすぎないので，催告の抗弁権および検索の抗弁権を行使できるが，連帯保証人はこれらは認められない。また保証人の債務は主たる債務の存在を前提とし (付従性) ，同一の内容をもつ (同一性) ので，主たる債務より重いことはなく，主たる債務が消滅すればそれとともに消滅する。

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