A quantity that quantitatively expresses the degree of warmth or coldness of an object. Temperature is a quantity that is closely related to our daily lives, such as air temperature, water temperature, and body temperature. In physics, it is one of the parameters that specify the thermal equilibrium state, which plays an important role in the exchange of heat between objects. [Seiji Miyashita] How to determine the temperature There is a property (the second law of thermodynamics) that between states of different temperatures, heat flows and they tend to become the same temperature. In a state of thermal equilibrium, the temperatures become the same and the energy exchange is balanced. Using this property, it is possible to make a thermometer that can quantify temperature by the volume of alcohol, mercury, etc. Also, using Boyle's law, it is possible to calculate the temperature using the pressure P and volume V of a gas. The internal energy of an ideal gas used in the definition of temperature is Temperature can be determined not only by the volume of the gas, but also by electrical conductivity, making various thermometers possible. Digital thermometers use electrical properties. There are also thermometers that use the change in color of a substance. [Seiji Miyashita] Temperature change and the state and properties of matterWhen the temperature rises, the internal energy of an object increases and the volume and other properties change. Furthermore, the macroscopic form of the same object can change depending on the temperature, such as ice, water, and water vapor, and this is called a phase transition. The property of this phase transition was also used to determine the temperature scale mentioned above. However, since the phase transition point actually changes depending on the pressure, the triple point where ice, water, and water vapor coexist is used for the accurate definition. Furthermore, when the temperature is raised to tens of thousands of degrees, the molecules break down and become plasma. Even higher temperatures are required to break down atomic nuclei. In accelerators, high-speed particles are collided to achieve very high temperatures and to obtain more detailed information about the structure of matter. However, in such cases, rather than the temperature in thermal equilibrium, it should be said that the value is the average kinetic energy converted into p 2/2 m = 1/2 k B T. It is also said that the Big Bang at the beginning of the universe started at a very high temperature, and various substances were generated by the expansion, and the current temperature is said to be 3K (as of 2012). This temperature is determined from the spectrum of radiation from space (see the sections on "Cosmic microwave background radiation" and "Planck's radiation formula"). Electrical resistance also changes with temperature. The electrons in metals that conduct electricity are hindered by thermal vibrations of the lattice, so electrical resistance increases as temperature rises. However, in materials known as semiconductors, the number of electrons and holes responsible for electrical conduction increases as temperature rises, making it easier for electric current to flow. The phenomenon known as superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phase transition in the movement of electrons. [Seiji Miyashita] Temperature and BiologyTemperature affects various physiological functions of living organisms. The temperature coefficient is used to indicate how much chemical reactions and physiological functions in living organisms change with temperature. For example, the assimilation rate of potato leaves increases by 1.27 times for every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature at around 5 degrees Celsius. This number 1.27 is the temperature coefficient in this case. In general, the reaction rate of a chemical reaction increases by 2 to 3 times when the temperature rises by 10 degrees Celsius, assuming the concentration of a substance remains the same. This multiple is also called the temperature coefficient. The temperature we actually sense does not necessarily correspond to the physical temperature. Even if the air temperature is the same at 30°C, the way we feel the temperature will differ depending on whether there is wind or not, whether the humidity is high or low, and other factors. High humidity makes us feel muggy, and the discomfort index is often used to express this sensation. [Ryuzo Abe and Seiji Miyashita] [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体の寒暖の度合いを数量的に表すもの。気温、水温、体温というように、温度はわれわれの日常生活と密接に関係している量である。物理学的には物体間で熱のやりとりをする際に重要な役割を果たす熱平衡状態を指定するパラメーターの一つである。 [宮下精二] 温度の決め方異なる温度をもつ状態の間には、熱の流れが生じて同じ温度になろうとする性質(熱力学の第二法則)がある。熱平衡状態では同じ温度になり、エネルギーのやりとりがつり合った状態になる。この性質を利用して、アルコールや水銀などの体積によって温度を定量化する温度計が可能となる。また、ボイル‐シャルルの法則を利用して気体の圧力P、体積Vを用いて 温度の定義で用いられた理想気体の内部エネルギーは 温度の同定は必ずしも気体の体積によるものではなく、電気伝導度などによってもできるので、さまざまな温度計が可能となる。いわゆるデジタル温度計は電気的な性質を用いている。また、物質の色の変化を用いた温度計もある。 [宮下精二] 温度変化と物質の状態、性質温度が上がると物体の内部エネルギーは上昇し、体積などが変化する。さらに、氷、水、水蒸気のように同じ物体でも温度によって巨視的な形態が変わることがあり、相転移とよばれる。上で述べた温度の目盛りを決める際にもこの相転移が起こる性質を用いた。しかし、実際に相転移点は圧力によって変わるため、正確な定義には氷、水、水蒸気が共存する三重点が用いられる。さらに、温度を上げ数万度になると分子は分解し、プラズマ化する。原子核が分解するにはさらに高い温度が必要となる。加速器では高速の粒子を衝突させ、非常に高い温度を実現し、物質の構造のより詳しい情報を得ようとしている。ただし、そのような場合は熱平衡状態の温度というより、平均運動エネルギーをp2/2m=1/2kBTで換算した値というべきである。また、宇宙の始まりのビッグ・バンは非常に高い温度から出発し、膨張によって諸物質が生成されたとされ、現在の温度は3Kであるとされる(2012年時点)。この温度は、宇宙からの放射のスペクトルから決められたものである(「宇宙背景放射」「プランクの放射公式」の項参照)。 電気抵抗も温度によって変化する。電気伝導を担う金属内の電子は格子の熱振動で妨げられるため、温度が上がると電気抵抗は大きくなる。しかし、半導体とよばれる物質では、温度が高くなると電気伝導を担う電子や正孔の数が増え、電流が流れやすくなる。また、超伝導とよばれる現象は電子の運動に関する量子力学的な相転移である。 [宮下精二] 温度と生物温度は生物の各種の生理作用に影響を及ぼす。生体内の化学反応や生理作用が、温度によってどれだけ変わるかを示すのに温度係数が使われる。たとえば、ジャガイモの葉の同化作用は5℃近傍では、温度が1℃上がるたびに1.27倍になる。この1.27という数値がこの場合の温度係数である。一般に、化学反応の反応速度は、物質の濃度が同じであれば、温度が10℃上昇すると2~3倍になる。この倍数も温度係数とよばれる。 われわれが実際に感覚する温度は、かならずしも物理的な温度と一致しない。気温が同じ30℃であっても、風があるかないか、湿度が高いか低いかなどによって温度の感じ方が異なってくる。とくに湿度が高いと蒸し暑く感じるが、このような感覚を表す量としてよく不快指数が用いられる。 [阿部龍蔵・宮下精二] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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