This refers to a social system in which women hold an important position in society and wield authority within the family and political power. It was once believed to be a social system that existed universally in the evolutionary history of human society prior to the establishment of patriarchy. The existence of matriarchy and the theory that matriarchy precedes man were proposed by Bachofen, Morgan and others in the second half of the 19th century from the standpoint of social evolutionism, and became one of the dominant theories at the time, generating numerous debates until it was decisively refuted by anthropologists in the 20th century. It is well known that Engels, influenced by Morgan, incorporated it into the doctrine of Marxism. According to their theory, human society, at the beginning of its evolution, passed through the period of primitive promiscuity, and then, because maternal ties are biologically more distinct than paternal ties, progressed to the period of matriarchy, in which the bond between mother and child is the core of group structure. In the period when only maternal ties were known, mothers held authority and power as the center of the family or clan, and women would have had a superior position in society as a whole. However, in reality, many of the societies presented as examples of matriarchy only had a matrilineal system in which inheritance of property and descent were traced through women, and even in these societies, management and administration of property and political power were usually in the hands of men. It is highly doubtful whether a system that could be called matriarchal existed in the past. It is not inaccurate to say that their theory has been almost completely rejected today due to the simplicity of the evolutionary framework of the matriarchal theory, the errors contained therein, the confusion of matriarchy with simple matrilineal systems, and the lack of empirical evidence. Apart from its contribution to stimulating the development of kinship studies, which form the basis of cultural anthropology today, many of the debates about matriarchy have been fruitless. [Mitsuru Hamamoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
女性が社会において重要な地位をもち、家族内での権威や政治権力を握っているような社会体制をいう。かつては、人類社会の進化史上、父権制の成立に先だって普遍的に存在していた社会体制であると信じられていた。母権制の存在および母権制先行説は、19世紀の後半にバッハオーフェンやモルガンらによって、社会進化論の立場から提唱されたもので、当時の支配的な学説の一つとなり、20世紀に人類学者により決定的な反駁(はんばく)が加えられるまで、数多くの論争を生んだ。モルガンの影響を受けたエンゲルスによって、マルクス主義の教義にも取り入れられたことは有名である。 彼らの説によると、人類社会は、その進化の始めにおいて原始乱婚の時代をへ、生物学的にみて父性よりも母性のほうがはっきりしていることから、ついで、母と子の紐帯(ちゅうたい)を集団構成の核とする母系制の時代へと進んだ。母性しかわからなかった時代には、母親が一家や一族の中心として権威・権力をもち、ひいては全社会においても、女性の地位が優越していたであろうというのである。しかし実際には、母権制の例として提出された社会の多くは、財産相続や出自を女性を通してたどる母系制をもつにすぎず、そこでも財産の管理運営や政治的権力は男性の手中にあることが普通である。過去においても、実際に母権制とよびうるような制度が存在していたかどうかは大いに疑わしい。母権先行説の進化論的枠組みの単純さと、そこに含まれる誤謬(ごびゅう)、母権制と単なる母系制との混同、実証的根拠の欠如などから、今日では彼らの説はほぼ完全に否定されているといっても間違いではない。今日の文化人類学の基礎を形づくっている親族研究の発展に刺激を与えたという功績を別にすれば、母権制をめぐる数多くの議論は不毛なものであった。 [濱本 満] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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