Hoki Province - Houki no Kuni

One of the eight San'in-do provinces. It is in the central and western parts of present-day Tottori Prefecture. It borders Inaba to the east, Izumo to the west, Mimasaka, Bitchu, and Bingo to the south, and faces the Sea of ​​Japan to the north. The Tenjin River flows to the east and the Hino River flows to the west, forming a plain downstream, and the Hojo Sand Dunes and Yumigahama Peninsula are developed on the coast, but it is a mountainous country with the Daisen volcanic group and the Chugoku Mountains at its back. Pointed vessels have been discovered at the foot of Mt. Daisen, and Jomon ruins in the plains such as Megumi (Yonago City) to the west and Shima (Hokuei Town) to the east have attracted attention. Yayoi ruins are distributed mainly on the plains, and both bronze bells and bronze swords have been excavated. The square-cornered tumulus at the Amidaji ruins in Kurayoshi City is a burial mound from the late Yayoi period. The Kitayama-Umanoyama tumulus around Lake Togo is one of the largest keyhole-shaped tumuli in Sanin. The Fukuichi-Aoki ruins in Yonago City are known as the remains of a large-scale Kofun period settlement. Under the Ritsuryo system, Hoki Province consisted of 48 townships in six counties: Kawamura, Kume, Yabase, Aseri, Aimi, and Hino, and the provincial capital was established in Yatsushiro township in Kume County (Kurayoshi City). At the end of the ancient period, Mt. Oyama and Mt. Mitoku flourished as sacred sites for mountain Buddhism, and local powerful families such as Kinonarimori and Ogamo Motoyasu were transformed into warriors. During the Kamakura period, members of the Hojo clan were appointed as shugo (military governors). Compared to Inaba, manors were more developed, such as Seiga-sho in Aimi County in Kamo-sha, Kyoto, Inazumi-sho in Kume County, and Togo-sho in Matsuo-sha. Towards the end of the Kamakura period, local lords increasingly seized manors. The central division of Togo-sho is a typical example of this.

In 1333 (Ganko 3, Shokei 2), Nawa Nagatoshi, who had secluded himself in Senjo-san Mountain in the service of Emperor Godaigo, assumed an important position in the Kenmu Restoration and also served as the guardian of Hoki. However, in 1337 (Engen 2, Kenmu 4), Yamana Tokiuji, a supporter of the Northern Court, was appointed guardian of Hoki, and the Yamana clan's control over the territory was established. However, from the time of the Onin War, there were continued internal disputes within the clan and rebellions by local lords, and furthermore, the Amago clan, which had risen to power in Izumo, advanced into Hoki, leading to the downfall of the Yamana clan. In 1563 (Eiroku 6), the Mori clan, advancing eastward, defeated the Amago clan, and by the end of the Sengoku period, the Yamana clan was under the control of the Mori clan. After Hashiba (Toyotomi) Hideyoshi attacked Tottori Castle, the Nanjo clan, who sided with Hideyoshi, was given the eastern part, and the Kikkawa clan, who sided with the Mori clan, was given the western part. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Nakamura Tadakazu from Suruga entered Yonago Castle. Thereafter, the area was divided among smaller feudal lords, but in 1617 (Genwa 3), Ikeda Mitsumasa, and in 1632 (Kan'ei 9), a member of the same clan, Ikeda Mitsunaka, became the lord of Tottori Castle, and the two provinces of Inaba and Hoki became their territories. The Ikeda clan placed senior vassals in key locations in Hoki, such as Yonago, Kurayoshi, Yatsuhashi, and Matsuzaki, and carried out a mandate of self-rule. Iron and cotton were the two major products, with iron growing mainly in Hino County from the early modern period, while cotton developed rapidly from the mid-modern period onwards with the development of sand dunes such as the Yumigahama Peninsula, and Sakaiminato developed as a shipping port for these products. Kurayoshi's rice handling industry was a specialty that flourished at the end of the Edo period. The Tottori Domain in the Inaba and Inaba provinces continued to be ruled by the Ikeda clan, and in 1871 (Meiji 4) was abolished and prefectures were established to form Tottori Prefecture, which merged with Shimane Prefecture and was re-established in 1881, a status that continues to this day.

[Atsuhito Fukui]

"The History of Tottori Prefecture, 18 volumes (1967-82, Tottori Prefecture)" ▽ "Tottori Prefecture, compiled by Tottori Prefecture, Local History of Tottori Prefecture (1932, Tottori Prefecture / reprint edition, 1973, Meishu Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Tottori Prefecture, by Yamanaka Toshio (1970, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Our Hometowns - In and Haku in the Edo Period, volumes 1 and 2, by Tokunaga Muneo et al. (1980, Shin Nihonkai Shimbunsha)" ▽ "Kadokawa Dictionary of Japanese Place Names, 31, Tottori Prefecture" (1982, Kadokawa Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

山陰道八か国の一つ。現在の鳥取県の中・西部。東を因幡(いなば)、西を出雲(いずも)、南は美作(みまさか)・備中(びっちゅう)・備後(びんご)に接し、北は日本海に面している。東に天神川、西に日野川が流れ下流に平野を形成し、海岸には北条(ほうじょう)砂丘や弓ヶ浜半島が発達しているが、大山(だいせん)火山群・中国山地を背にした山がちの国である。大山山麓(さんろく)から尖頭器(せんとうき)が発見され、さらに西の目久美(めぐみ)（米子(よなご)市）、東の島(しま)（北栄(ほくえい)町）などの平野の縄文遺跡が注目される。弥生(やよい)遺跡は平野を中心に分布し、銅鐸(どうたく)・銅剣ともに出土している。倉吉(くらよし)市の阿弥大寺(あみだいじ)遺跡の四隅突出型墳丘墓は弥生末期の墳墓である。東郷池周辺の北山・馬山(うまのやま)古墳は山陰で最大級の前方後円墳である。米子市の福市(ふくいち)・青木遺跡は大規模な古墳時代集落跡と知られている。律令(りつりょう)制下の伯耆国は、河村、久米(くめ)、八橋(やばせ)、汗入(あせり)、会見(あいみ)、日野(ひの)の6郡に48郷があり、国府は久米郡八代郷（倉吉市）に設けられた。古代末期には大山、三徳山(みとくさん)が山岳仏教の霊場として栄え、また、紀成盛(きのなりもり)、小鴨基康(おがももとやす)など在地豪族の武士化もみられた。鎌倉時代は北条氏一族が守護に兼補された。京都加茂社の会見郡星河荘(しょう)、久米郡稲積(いなづみ)荘、松尾社の東郷荘など因幡に比べて荘園が発展している。鎌倉末期になると在地領主の荘園押領(おうりょう)が激しくなる。東郷荘の下地中分はその典型的な例である。

　1333年（元弘3・正慶2）後醍醐(ごだいご)天皇を奉じて船上山(せんじょうさん)に籠(こも)った名和長年(なわながとし)は、建武(けんむ)新政で重要な地位につき、伯耆の守護も兼ねた。しかし、1337年（延元2・建武4）北朝方の山名時氏(やまなときうじ)が伯耆守護に任じられ、山名一族の領国支配が確立する。しかし、応仁(おうにん)の乱のころから一族の内紛、国人層の反乱が続き、さらに、出雲に台頭した尼子(あまご)氏の伯耆進出によって山名氏は没落した。1563年（永禄6）東進する毛利(もうり)氏は尼子氏を破り、戦国末期には毛利氏の支配下にあった。羽柴(はしば)（豊臣(とよとみ)）秀吉の鳥取城攻めにより、東は秀吉方の南条氏、西は毛利方の吉川(きっかわ)氏が封じられた。関ヶ原の役後、駿河(するが)から中村忠一(ただかず)が米子城に入った。その後、小大名の分割統治もあったが、1617年（元和3）池田光政(みつまさ)が、さらに1632年（寛永9）一族の池田光仲(みつなか)が鳥取城主となり因幡・伯耆2国がその領国となった。池田氏は、伯耆の要地、米子、倉吉、八橋、松崎に重臣を配置し、自分手政治という委任統治を行った。鉄と綿・木綿(もめん)が二大産物であり、鉄は近世初頭から日野郡を中心に、綿・木綿は中期以降弓ヶ浜半島など砂丘地の開発とともに急速に発達し、境港(さかいみなと)はそれらの積出し港として発達した。倉吉の稲扱千歯(いねこきせんば)は幕末に盛んになった特産物である。因伯2国の鳥取藩は池田氏の支配が続き、1871年（明治4）廃藩置県によって鳥取県となり、島根県との合併を経て81年鳥取県を再置、今日に及んでいる。

［福井淳人］

『『鳥取県史』全18巻（1967～82・鳥取県）』▽『鳥取県編『鳥取県郷土史』（1932・鳥取県／復刻版・1973・名著出版）』▽『山中寿夫著『鳥取県の歴史』（1970・山川出版社）』▽『徳永職男他著『ふるさとの歴史――江戸時代の因・伯』上下（80・新日本海新聞社）』▽『『角川日本地名大辞典 31　鳥取県』（1982・角川書店）』

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