American astronomer. Promoted the construction of giant telescopes and solar physics. Born in Chicago. Graduated in physics and mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1890, and was appointed associate professor of astrophysics at the University of Chicago in 1892. In 1893, he traveled to Europe to study and became acquainted with many scholars. With a donation from businessman Charles Tyson Yerkes (1837-1905), he established an observatory attached to the University of Chicago (Yerkes Observatory), built a tower telescope over 9 meters deep, and installed a Clark 100-centimeter refracting telescope. As director, he guided talented young researchers and published the Astrophysical Journal in 1895. Longing for an even larger telescope, he built an observatory on Mount Wilson in 1904 with assistance from the Carnegie Foundation, became its first director, and installed a 257-centimeter reflecting telescope (1917). He further persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to establish the Mount Palomar Observatory, and in 1928 began construction of a 508 cm reflecting telescope, but completion was delayed due to World War II, and photographic observations began after his death in 1949. In 1889, he invented the spectroheliograph, which enabled him to observe the image of the sun in monochromatic light using the spectral lines of calcium, and clarified the nature of strong magnetic fields by observing the broadening of absorption lines in sunspots due to the Zeeman effect. [Shimamura Fukutaro February 18, 2019] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの天文学者。巨大望遠鏡の建設、太陽物理学の推進者。シカゴに生まれる。1890年マサチューセッツ工科大学で物理学、数学を修め、1892年にシカゴ大学の天体物理学準教授に登用される。翌1893年ヨーロッパに遊学し諸学者の知己を得る。実業家ヤーキスCharles Tyson Yerkes(1837―1905)の寄付によりシカゴ大学付置の天文台(ヤーキス天文台)を設立、深さ9メートル余の塔望遠鏡を建設し、クラーク製口径100センチメートル屈折望遠鏡を設置した。台長として優れた新進を指導、1895年に『天体物理学雑誌』を発行した。さらに大望遠鏡を切望し、1904年カーネギー財団の援助によりウィルソン山に天文台を建設、初代台長となり、257センチメートル反射望遠鏡を設置した(1917)。さらにロックフェラー財団を説得してパロマ山天文台を設立、1928年、508センチメートル反射望遠鏡の建設に着工、第二次世界大戦により完成が遅れ、彼の没後1949年に写真観測が始められた。1889年に分光太陽写真儀を考案してカルシウムのスペクトル線による単色光太陽像を観測し、また太陽黒点の吸収線がゼーマン効果によって広がっていることから強磁場の性質を明らかにした。 [島村福太郎 2019年2月18日] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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