A political and social upheaval that shook all of Chinese society for ten years, beginning in the fall of 1965, under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong. Known in China as the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," this incident was a revolutionary movement within socialist society that shook Chinese society to unprecedented heights, plunging it into unprecedented chaos and sending shock waves around the world. In particular, the sudden emergence of the Red Guard movement in the summer of 1966 under the slogan "rebellion is justified," the downfall of a succession of political leaders, and the establishment of Mao Zedong's absolute authority were political upheavals no one could have predicted. [Mineo Nakajima] Regulations at the timeIn China at the time, the Cultural Revolution was emphasized as "a revolution that touches people's souls" and was officially defined as marking "a new stage in the Chinese socialist revolution." The Cultural Revolution was said to have begun with the instruction issued by Mao Zedong to the entire Party and all people at the 10th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in September 1962, "We must never forget classes and class struggle," but the greatest goal of this "revolution" was to see class struggle through to the end in socialist society, and the biggest task for the time being was to completely overthrow "the handful of powerful factions within the Party that were walking the path of capitalism." [Mineo Nakajima] Three AspectsThe Cultural Revolution was consistently characterized as a power struggle within the Chinese Communist Party and as turning this intra-party struggle into a mass movement, but it had three aspects: political, ideological, and social. Politically, the first stage of the Cultural Revolution established the absolute authority of Chairman Mao Zedong and forcibly established a new political leadership with Lin Biao as vice-chairman of the party and his successor. However, this also showed that it would have been impossible to seize power from the so-called powerful forces including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping without relying on the leadership of the People's Liberation Army centered around Lin Biao, and this was a concentrated expression of the political crisis and internal contradictions at the center of power in China, which had become a barracks. The shocking Lin Biao incident that occurred in September 1971 was proof of this. Ideologically, the Cultural Revolution did attempt to fundamentally transform traditional culture and values, as indicated by the fact that it initially appeared as a "literary rectification movement." This included the question of how socialist society should inherit the cultural heritage of humanity in the course of its development, and in this respect it seemed as if China was trying to thoroughly rewrite the history of its own civilization. However, the absolutization of "Mao Zedong Thought" only resulted in thought and culture functioning as a systemic ideology, rather than in their inherent vitality. Socially, he sought to reform Chinese society in pursuit of a so-called "utopia of poverty," and one could say that Mao Zedong had an idea in his mind that the new stratification of Chinese society, which had urban elites at its core, had to be broken down. However, when this was put into practice under Mao's absolute patriarchal system, it was met with resistance from the Chinese people, and Mao's ideals were bankrupted by the thick walls of traditional Chinese society. The Hangzhou incident in the summer of 1975 and the first Tiananmen Square incident in April of the following year were mass rebellions against Mao's politics, and the "Gang of Four," Mao's close associates, were forced to fall from grace in the Beijing coup in October of the same year. [Mineo Nakajima] EssenceThe Cultural Revolution was a drama unprecedented in history as a fundamental form of Mao Zedong's politics, but it could also be said that it was a consequence of the very political nature of the Chinese Communist Party, which fundamentally refused to reconcile intra-party policy conflicts and differences of opinion through the institutional measures of socialist democracy within the party. In short, it is clear that the essence of the Cultural Revolution was the intra-party struggle under the name of "class struggle," and the Cultural Revolution must be said to have been a political process that used all logic and power to try to bring about the victory of Mao Zedong in the serious and unprecedented intra-party struggle that had arisen within the Chinese Communist Party. Needless to say, a notable characteristic of Mao's politics was the attempt to turn intra-party struggle into a mass movement, but the fact that Mao Zedong was clearly in the minority at the beginning in this intra-party struggle determined the character of the Cultural Revolution. It is said that Mao Zedong pointed out the danger of the emergence of "revisionism" within the Central Committee of the Party prior to the start of the Cultural Revolution, but in the political situation in the early stages of the Cultural Revolution, Mao and others had already been in the minority within the Central Committee of the Party since the failure of the Great Leap Forward policy in the late 1950s, and Mao himself was forced to flee Beijing and raise the flag of the Cultural Revolution from Shanghai. [Mineo Nakajima] Development processIf we look back at the unfolding process of the drama of the Cultural Revolution, it can be seen as follows. Mao Zedong announced the start of the Cultural Revolution from Shanghai, where Jiang Qing (Jiang Qing), Zhang Chunqiao and other members of the so-called "Jiang Qing Literary Salon" gathered, and on November 10, 1965, the young literary critic Yao Wenyuan (then Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee) published an essay titled "Review of the New Historical Drama 'Hai Rui the Striker'" in which he launched a full-scale criticism of Wu Han (Wuhan), the Vice Mayor of Beijing and a well-known historian. Criticism of Wu Han expanded to include criticism of the "Sankiaccun Group," a group of leading intellectuals in Beijing. Eventually, the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Party, which was the mastermind behind this group, was harshly criticized as a stronghold of the power brokers, and Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen (First Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Party), and others were unanimously denounced. In the midst of this, in early April 1966, the Beijing Municipal Party Committee was reorganized, and an editorial in the People's Liberation Army Daily on April 18th officially defined this series of processes as the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" for the first time. Then, on May 16th, the Party Central Committee issued a "Notice" (the 5.16 Notice) that played the role of a marching trumpet for the Cultural Revolution, and established the Party Central Cultural Revolution Small Group (group leader Chen Boda, first vice leader Jiang Qing). Then, on May 25th, Nie Yuanzi, a young female teacher at Peking University, posted a wall newspaper in which she severely criticized the principal Lu Ping and others as members of the "Sanjiacun Group." On June 1st, Mao Zedong ordered that this Large Literature Bulletin be broadcast nationwide, praising it as "the manifesto of the Paris Commune in China in the 1960s." Then, on June 3rd, the dismissal of Peng Zhen and others and the reorganization of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee were announced, heralding the collapse of the stronghold of the powerful faction, while at the same time widely reporting on the achievements of Lin Biao, who had firmly upheld "Mao Zedong Thought." In early August 1966, the 11th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Beijing. On August 5th during the session, Mao Zedong personally posted a notice entitled "Let's Bombard the Headquarters -- My Large Character Notice --," and on August 8th the "Decision on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (16 points) was announced. The Red Guards who gathered at the first rally of one million people in Tiananmen Square on August 18, 1966, eventually took to the streets of major cities across the country, where they launched violent actions to destroy old culture while praising "Mao Zedong Thought." The Cultural Revolution underwent a qualitative transformation from the stage of street protests led by the Red Guards into a struggle for power to overthrow those in power. However, resistance from those in power remained strong, and armed struggles for power and anti-power were occurring one after another in various places. On January 23, 1967, the People's Liberation Army under the command of Lin Biao decided to fully intervene in the struggle for power. In the struggle for power in Shanghai known as the "January Revolution," rebels in Shanghai began to envision a commune-type power, but Mao Zedong and other members of the Party Central Committee quickly suppressed this commune idea. This was a turning point in the Cultural Revolution, and from then on, the mainstream Mao/Lin faction called for the seizure of power by a "grand alliance" of revolutionaries, that is, the establishment of so-called "triple combination" revolutionary committees consisting of revolutionary cadres, military representatives, and representatives of the revolutionary masses, and by September 1968 revolutionary committees had been established in all first-level administrative districts across the country. It was against this backdrop that the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in April 1969, the first time in 13 years since the Eighth Congress in 1956. This Ninth National Congress marked the turning point of the Cultural Revolution in terms of rebuilding the party from above, and was a ceremony to establish Mao Zedong's unrivaled authority and to support Lin Biao as Mao's successor (subordinate). During this time, Chen Boda, who was a close aide to Mao Zedong and responsible for promoting the Cultural Revolution and was head of the Cultural Revolution Small Group, was deemed an "overly ambitious and schemer" at the Second Plenary Session of the 9th Central Committee in August-September the following year, and was forced to resign. It was under these circumstances that the Lin Biao incident occurred. The Lin Biao incident is still shrouded in mystery to this day, but in July 1972, Chinese authorities announced the astonishing plot that Lin Biao had died in a plane crash in Mongolia in a failed plot to assassinate Chairman Mao. In August 1973, after one of the major consequences of the Cultural Revolution was revealed in the serious incident of the Lin Biao Incident, the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. The Tenth Congress adopted Zhou Enlai's political report and Wang Hongwen's report on amending the Party Constitution, and elected new central leadership. Naturally, Mao Zedong was elected as Chairman of the Central Committee, and five vice-chairmen were elected: Zhou Enlai, Wang Hongwen, Kang Sheng, Ye Jianying, and Li Desheng, replacing the only vice-chairman at the Ninth Congress, Lin Biao. The Tenth Congress was a spectacular ceremony in which the entire party executed Lin Biao and denounced the Soviet Union, but it also confirmed the magnitude of the "tide" aiming to "de-Maoize under the Mao regime" and move away from the Cultural Revolution. On the other hand, the campaign criticizing Confucius and praising Qin Shi Huang that arose around the time of the Tenth Congress eventually became the "Criticize Lin and Criticize Confucius" movement, which attempted to roll back the so-called "anti-tide," and the internal rivalry in the final days of the Mao regime became increasingly fierce. At this time, the Hangzhou incident that occurred in the summer of 1975 was a serious incident in which the military was used to suppress the chaos in the Hangzhou area caused by factory workers' strikes demanding wage increases. It was a serious incident that exposed from within the social contradictions in the final days of the Mao regime, which had enforced a "utopia of poverty." As the "tide" and the "counter-tide" were competing internally, Premier Zhou Enlai finally fell ill on January 8, 1976. However, Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who delivered the eulogy at Zhou Enlai's funeral, made the bold decision to pledge in front of the Cultural Revolution leaders to continue the "Four Modernizations" line. This greatly irritated the Cultural Revolution's close aides in the final days of Mao's regime, and a campaign of criticism of the "anti-capitalists" was launched in early February 1976. In early February, Hua Guofeng, a member of the non-Shanghai Cultural Revolution group, was appointed Acting Premier of the State Council by Mao Zedong, bringing him into the spotlight all at once. The first Tiananmen Square incident was a mass protest against this "counter-tide" ("counter-tide"). The Party Central Committee condemned the incident as a "counter-revolutionary" incident and dismissed Deng Xiaoping from all his posts, but the evaluation of the Tiananmen Square incident was later reversed and it came to be praised as the "Great April Five Movement," and it was the climax of the mass rebellion under Mao Zedong's regime. It was under these circumstances that Chairman Mao passed away on September 9, 1976. At the center of power in China, no sooner had mourning been made than a struggle for succession intensified within his inner circle. Mao's death marked a decisive turning point, and on October 6 the Cultural Revolution Shanghai group, known as the "Gang of Four" (Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan), who had been the first to claim the right to succeed him, citing Mao's "last instructions" to "carry out things according to established guidelines," were rounded up and overthrown in a shocking coup in Beijing, which saw the formation of the Hua Guofeng regime in one fell swoop. Hua Guofeng thus demonstrated his legitimacy as Mao's successor through another of Mao's "last words," "I'll be at ease if you do it," but this "shadow of Mao" eventually came to restrict Hua Guofeng's political future as the overall de-Maoization of Chinese domestic politics progressed, and Deng Xiaoping was reinstated at the Third Plenary Session of the Tenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in July of the following year, 1977. At the 11th Congress of the Communist Party of China (11th National Congress) in August of the same year, the "Four Modernizations" were clearly stated in the new party constitution, and at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, they were established as a unified national goal. Thus, China finally achieved a historic shift away from Mao Zedong's politics and made a major shift toward today's "four modernizations." [Mineo Nakajima] Today's RatingOn October 1, 1979, China celebrated the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and at the 30th anniversary celebration, Vice Chairman Ye Jianying was the first to point out the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. Thus, the decade from the late 1960s, known as the "Decade of the Cultural Revolution," plunged Chinese society into chaos and caused serious organizational and personnel rifts in all institutions and units, but ultimately produced no concrete results. In the "Resolution on Certain Historical Issues of the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China" passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in June 1981, the Cultural Revolution was officially rejected as a party resolution. Today, the "Cultural Revolution" is officially cited in parentheses as a nightmare. And while all the leaders who were overthrown during the Cultural Revolution, including Liu Shaoqi, have been resurrected or rehabilitated, the Cultural Revolution faction has been completely ousted and fallen into disrepair, and de-Maoization is progressing. The Cultural Revolution, which was once praised by the outside world as the greatest experiment in the history of mankind, was not only a great illusion and delusion to China itself, but a tragic upheaval that tore Chinese society to shreds. [Mineo Nakajima] "Beijing Fierce" by Nakajima Mineo, volumes 1 and 2 (1981, Chikuma Shobo) " "Mao Zedong and China: The Endless Revolution" by Stanley Karnow, translated by Kazama Ryu and Nakahara Koji (1973, Jiji Press) " "The Cultural Revolution and Contemporary China" by Ando Masashi, Ota Katsuhiro, and Tsuji Kogo (Iwanami Shinsho) [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
毛沢東(もうたくとう/マオツォートン)主席の主導下で1965年秋から10年間にわたって全中国社会を揺り動かした政治的・社会的動乱。中国では「無産階級文化大革命」とよばれたこの事件は、社会主義社会における革命運動として中国社会を激しく揺さぶり、未曽有(みぞう)の混乱に陥れたばかりか、全世界に大きな衝撃を与えた。とくに1966年夏に「造反有理」のスローガンを掲げて突如として出現した紅衛兵運動や相次ぐ政治指導者の失脚、そして毛沢東の絶対的権威の確立という一連の事態は、だれもが予想しえなかった政治的大変動であった。 [中嶋嶺雄] 当時の規定中国では、当時、このような文化大革命を「人の魂に触れる革命」だと強調し、「中国社会主義革命の新段階」を画するものだと公式に規定した。文化大革命は、毛沢東が1962年9月の中国共産党第八期十中全会で全党・全人民に向けて発動した「絶対に階級と階級闘争を忘れてはならない」との指示を出発点にするものだといわれたが、この「革命」の最大の目標は、社会主義社会における階級闘争の貫徹にあり、当面は「党内の資本主義の道を歩む一握りの実権派」を根こそぎ打倒することが最大の課題だとされた。 [中嶋嶺雄] 三つの側面文化大革命は、一貫して中国共産党内部の権力闘争としての本質と、こうした党内闘争の大衆運動化という内容をもっていたが、そこには、政治的側面とイデオロギー的側面および社会的側面という三つの面があった。 まず政治的には、文化大革命の第一段階において、毛沢東主席の絶対的権威を確立するとともに、林彪(りんぴょう/リンピァオ)を党副主席として、彼が毛沢東の後継者だとする新しい政治的リーダーシップを強行的に確立した。だが、このことは、林彪を中心とする人民解放軍の主導性に依拠しない限り、劉少奇(りゅうしょうき/リウシャオチー)、鄧小平(とうしょうへい/トンシヤオピン)をはじめとするいわゆる実権派勢力からの奪権が不可能であったことも示しており、そこには兵営体制化した中国の権力中枢における政治危機と内部矛盾が集中的に表現されていたのである。1971年9月に起こった衝撃的な林彪異変は、その証明でもあった。 イデオロギー的には、文化大革命は、それが当初は「文芸整風」として現れたことに示されるように、従来の文化や価値意識を根本的に転換しようとした側面があったことも事実である。ここには、社会主義社会がその発展過程において、人類の文化遺産をどのように継承してゆくかという問題が含まれており、この点で中国は、自己の文明史をも徹底的に書き換えようとしたかにみえたのだが、しかし、「毛沢東思想」の絶対化は、思想や文化をその本来的な生命においてではなく、体制的なイデオロギーとして機能させる結果しか招かなかった。 社会的には、いわゆる「貧困のユートピア」を求めて中国社会を変革しようとしたのであり、毛沢東の意識下には、都市エリートを中枢にした中国社会の新しい階層化を打破しなければならないという構想が存在していたといえよう。だが、絶対的な毛沢東家父長体制のもとでそれが実践されるに及んで、中国民衆の抵抗に出会い、中国伝統社会の厚い壁に阻まれて、毛沢東の理想は破産したのである。1975年夏の杭州(こうしゅう/ハンチョウ)事件、翌1976年4月の第一次天安門事件は、毛沢東政治への大衆の反乱であり、毛沢東側近の「四人組」も同年10月の北京(ペキン)政変によって失墜を余儀なくされた。 [中嶋嶺雄] 本質ところで、文化大革命は、毛沢東政治の根源的な形態として歴史に類例のないドラマであったが、それは、党内の政策対立や意見の相違を、党内の社会主義的民主主義による制度的諸措置によって調整することを根本的に拒否してきた中国共産党の政治体質そのものから導き出された帰結であったともいえよう。 要するに文化大革命の本質は、「階級闘争」という名のもとでの党内闘争であることは明らかであり、中国共産党に生起した深刻かつ未曽有の党内闘争を、あらゆる論理と強権を用いて、毛沢東の勝利に帰そうとした政治過程こそが文化大革命であったといわねばならない。もとより、党内闘争を大衆運動化していくところに毛沢東政治の著しい特質があることはいうまでもないが、このような党内闘争において、毛沢東が当初明らかに少数派であったことは、文化大革命の性格を決定づけたのであった。 毛沢東は文化大革命の開幕に先駆けて、党中央に「修正主義」が現れる危険を指摘した、といわれているが、文化大革命胎動期の政治状況のなかでは、すでに1950年代末の「大躍進」政策の挫折(ざせつ)以来、毛沢東らは党中央で少数派であり、毛沢東自身、北京を脱出して上海(シャンハイ)から文化大革命ののろしをあげざるをえなかったのである。 [中嶋嶺雄] 展開過程ここで文化大革命のドラマの展開過程を顧みるならば、以下のとおりである。 毛沢東は、江青(こうせい/チヤンチン)、張春橋(ちょうしゅんきょう/チヤンチュンチヤオ)らいわゆる「江青文芸サロン」の面々が集まっていた上海から文化大革命の開幕を告げ、1965年11月10日、若き文芸批評家・姚文元(ようぶんげん/ヤオウェンユアン)(当時、上海市党委員会書記)は、「新編歴史劇『海瑞(かいずい)罷官』を評す」と題する論文を発表して、歴史学者として知られた北京市副市長・呉晗(ごがん/ウーハン)に対する全面的な批判を開始した。呉晗批判は、北京の指導的な知識人たち「三家村グループ」に対する批判へと拡大していったが、やがてその黒幕としての党北京市委員会が実権派の牙城(がじょう)として激しく批判され、彭真(ほうしん/ポンチェン)・北京市長(党北京市委員会第一書記)らが一斉に糾弾された。 こうしたなかで1966年4月上旬、北京市党委員会の改組が行われ、4月18日の人民解放軍機関紙『解放軍報』社説は、今回の一連のプロセスを「プロレタリア文化大革命」だと初めて公式に規定した。ついで5月16日には文化大革命の進軍らっぱの役割を果たした党中央の「通知」(5.16通知)を公布し、党中央文革小組(組長・陳伯達(ちんはくたつ/チェンポーター)、第一副組長・江青)を設置した。やがて5月25日には北京大学の若き女性教師・聶元梓(じょうげんし)が、校長の陸平らを「三家村グループ」の一味として激しく批判する大字報(壁新聞)を貼(は)り出した。毛沢東は、6月1日にこの大字報を全国放送するよう指示し、それを「20世紀60年代の中国のパリ・コミューンの宣言書」だとたたえたのであった。 そして6月3日、彭真らの解任と北京市党委員会の改組が発表され、ここに実権派の牙城の崩壊が告げられると同時に、「毛沢東思想」を堅持してきた林彪の功績が大きく報じられ始めた。1966年8月上旬には、中国共産党第八期十一中全会が北京で開催された。毛沢東は会期中の8月5日、「司令部を砲撃しよう――私の大字報――」を自ら貼り出し、8月8日には「プロレタリア文化大革命に関する決定」(16か条)が発表された。 ところで、1966年8月18日に天安門広場での第1回100万人集会に集まった紅衛兵たちは、やがて全国主要都市に街頭進出し、「毛沢東思想」をたたえつつ旧文化破壊の激しい行動を繰り広げたが、紅衛兵中心の街頭闘争の段階から、やがて実権派打倒のための奪権闘争へと文化大革命は質的転換を遂げていった。しかし、実権派の抵抗も根強く、各地で奪権と反奪権の武闘が相次いだとき、林彪麾下(きか)の人民解放軍は1967年1月23日、奪権闘争への軍の全面的な介入を決定したのである。 「一月革命」といわれる上海の奪権闘争において、上海の造反派はコミューン型権力を構想し始めたが、毛沢東ら党中央は、このコミューン構想を急遽(きゅうきょ)押さえつけてしまった。これは文化大革命の一つの転換点であり、以後、毛・林主流派は、革命派の「大連合」による奪権、すなわち革命幹部・軍代表・革命的大衆代表からなる、いわゆる「三結合」の革命委員会を樹立するよう呼びかけ、革命委員会は、1968年9月をもって全国の一級行政区のすべてに成立することとなった。 こうしたなかで中国共産党九全大会(第9回全国代表大会)が1969年4月、1956年の八全大会以来13年ぶりに開催された。この九全大会は、文化大革命が上からの党再建という大きな結節点に達したことを示すとともに、毛沢東の無類の権威を確立し、林彪を毛沢東の後継者(接班人)として擁立するためのセレモニーであった。 この間、毛沢東側近として文化大革命の推進を担い、文革小組組長だった陳伯達は、翌1970年8~9月の第九期二中全会で「大野心家・陰謀家」だとされ、失脚していった。このような状況のなかで発生したのが林彪異変である。林彪異変は、今日なお多くの謎(なぞ)に包まれているが、1972年7月、中国当局は、林彪の毛主席暗殺計画失敗によるモンゴルでの墜落死という驚くべき筋書きを公表した。 文化大革命の一つの重大な結末が林彪異変という深刻な事件となって露呈したのちの1973年8月、中国共産党十全大会(第10回全国代表大会)が開催された。十全大会は、周恩来(しゅうおんらい/チョウエンライ)の政治報告、王洪文(おうこうぶん/ワンホンウェン)の党規約改正報告を採択し、新しい中央リーダーシップを選出した。中央委員会主席には当然のことながら毛沢東を、そして副主席には、九全大会のときの林彪ただ1人の副主席とは変わって、周恩来、王洪文、康生(こうせい/カンション)、葉剣英(ようけんえい/イエチエンイン)、李徳生(りとくせい/リートーション)の5人を選出した。この十全大会は、林彪処断と対ソ非難を、全党をあげて行った壮烈な儀式の観を呈したが、「毛沢東体制下の非毛沢東化」と脱文革を志向する「潮流」の大きさをも確認させた。だが一方、十全大会と前後して生じた孔子(こうし)批判・始皇帝礼賛のキャンペーンはやがて「批林批孔」運動となっていわゆる「反潮流」の巻き返しが図られ、毛沢東体制末期の内部角逐はますます熾烈(しれつ)化していった。このようなとき、1975年夏に生じた杭州事件は、工場労働者の賃上げ要求ストライキによる杭州一帯の混乱を軍によって制圧したという深刻な事件であり、「貧困のユートピア」を強制してきた毛沢東体制の末期的な社会的矛盾を内側から露呈したものであった。 こうして「潮流」と「反潮流」とが内部的に角逐するなかで、1976年1月8日、周恩来国務院総理(首相)はついに病に倒れた。だが周恩来葬儀において弔辞を読んだ鄧小平(とうしょうへい/トンシヤオピン)副総理は、あえて「四つの現代化」路線の継承を文革派リーダーの面前で誓ったため、このことが毛沢東体制末期の文革派側近を大いにいらだたせ、「走資派」批判のキャンペーンが1976年2月初旬から一斉に展開された。この2月初旬には、文革派非上海グループの華国鋒(かこくほう/ホワクオフォン)が国務院総理代行に毛沢東から指名されて一躍クローズアップされたが、こうした「逆流」(「反潮流」)への大衆的抗議として起こったのが驚天動地の第一次天安門事件だったのである。党中央は、この事件を「反革命」事件として断罪し、鄧小平の全職務を解任したが、のちに天安門事件の評価が逆転し、「偉大な四・五運動」として称賛されるようになったように、天安門事件こそ毛沢東体制下の大衆反乱のクライマックスであった。 こうした状況のなかで、1976年9月9日、ついに毛沢東主席が逝(い)った。中国の権力中枢においては、毛沢東の死を悼むいとまもなく後継権力をめぐる闘争が毛沢東側近体制の内部で激化した。そして毛沢東の死を決定的な転機として、10月6日には「既定方針どおり事を運ぶ」との毛沢東「遺訓」を掲げて権力継承権をいち早く主張した文革派上海グループつまり「四人組」(王洪文、張春橋、江青、姚文元)が一網打尽に逮捕され、打倒されるという衝撃的な北京政変が起こり、ここに華国鋒体制が一挙に形成された。 こうして華国鋒は、毛沢東後継者としての正統性を「あなたがやれば私は安心だ」という、もう一つの毛沢東「遺訓」によって誇示したのであるが、しかし、そのような「毛沢東の影」は、やがて中国内政全体の非毛沢東化の進展とともに華国鋒の政治的将来を拘束することになってゆき、翌1977年7月には中国共産党第十期三中全会で鄧小平が再復活を遂げた。同年8月の中国共産党十一全大会(第11回全国代表大会)では、新しい党規約のなかに「四つの現代化」が明記され、さらに1978年12月の中国共産党第十一期三中全会では統一的な国家目標として定められた。 かくて中国は、毛沢東政治からの歴史的な転換をようやく実現し、今日の「四つの現代化」路線へと大きく旋回したのであった。 [中嶋嶺雄] 今日の評価中国は1979年10月1日、建国30周年を迎えたのであるが、建国30周年祝賀集会では葉剣英副主席が初めて文化大革命の誤りを指摘した。 こうして1960年代後半からの10年間は、いわゆる「文革の10年」として中国社会全体を混乱に陥れ、あらゆる機関や単位において組織的にも人的にも深刻な亀裂(きれつ)をもたらした反面、ついになんらの具体的成果を生み出すことはなかった。1981年6月の中国共産党第十一期六中全会による「建国以来の党の若干の歴史的問題に関する決議」では、文化大革命が党の決議として公式に否定された。今日、「文化大革命」は一場の悪夢として公式には括弧(かっこ)付きで引用されるに至っている。そして劉少奇をはじめ文化大革命で打倒された指導者がすべて復活もしくは名誉回復する一方、文革派はことごとく失墜・凋落(ちょうらく)して、非毛沢東化が進展しつつある。一時期、人類史上の偉大な実験だと外部世界でたたえられた文化大革命は、当の中国にとっても大いなる幻影であり、虚妄でしかなかったばかりか、中国社会をずたずたに引き裂いた悲劇的な動乱だったのである。 [中嶋嶺雄] 『中嶋嶺雄著『北京烈烈』上下(1981・筑摩書房)』▽『スタンレー・カーノウ著、風間龍・中原康二訳『毛沢東と中国―終りなき革命』上下(1973・時事通信社)』▽『安藤正士・太田勝洪・辻康吾著『文化大革命と現代中国』(岩波新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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