Fleming, Victor

Japanese: フレミング（英語表記）Fleming, Victor
Fleming, Victor
Born: February 23, 1883 in Pasadena, California
[Died] January 6, 1949. American film director from near Cottonwood, Arizona. One of the most active directors in Hollywood in the 1930s. Working with producer David Oliver Selznick, he completed Gone with the Wind (1939), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director. He entered the film industry in 1910 as a car stuntman and worked on set cinematography for director David Walker Griffith. He served in the cinematography department during World War I and was President Woodrow Wilson's cameraman at the Paris Peace Conference. He later signed contracts with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and 20th Century Fox, and earned high praise for his work on stars such as Clark Gable and Spencer Tracy. His first directorial work was When the Clouds Roll By (1919), starring Douglas Fairbanks. His early talkie films, Red Dust (1932) and Treasure Island (1934), were popular, and his masterpiece The Wizard of Oz (1939), starring Judy Garland, skillfully blended fantasy and realism. Other films he produced include Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), Adventure (1946), and Joan of Arc (1948).

Fleming
Flemming, Walther

Born: April 21, 1843, Mecklenburg, Schwerin
[died] August 4, 1905, Kiel. German cytologist and anatomist. He studied medicine in Tübingen, Berlin, and Rostock, and served as a military surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. After that, he became professor of anatomy at the University of Prague (1873) and the University of Kiel (1876-1901). He developed a research method in which the fine structure of cells was stained with synthetic dyes and observed through an oil immersion lens, which brought about a revolutionary advance in experimental techniques in cytology. In 1879, he discovered that a substance that absorbed dyes well was distributed in animal cells, which he named chromatin. He further observed the chromatin of cells at various stages of cell division and found that at the start of cell division, the chromatin became several short rod-like structures, which then split vertically in two and moved to both ends of the cell. He named this series of events occurring in the chromatin mitosis. Based on these findings, he wrote Cell Substance, Nucleus, and Cell Division (Zell-substanz, Kern und Zelltheilung) (1882), in which he hypothesized that chromatin is made up of genetic material and that mitosis is the mechanism by which genetic material is distributed, providing cytological support for Mendel's laws, which were rediscovered in later years.

Fleming
Fleming, Sir Alexander

Born: 6 August 1881, Rockfield, Ayrshire
[Died] March 11, 1955. London. British bacteriologist. Received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 along with E. Cheyne and H. Florey, who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, and successfully commercialized it. Studied medicine at the University of London and other institutions, and researched antibacterial substances that do not attack human tissue at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. In 1922, he discovered lysozyme, an antibacterial substance found in saliva. Furthermore, while researching influenza in 1928, he discovered that a mold that had accidentally fallen onto a culture plate of staphylococcus bacteria was suppressing the growth of the bacteria only in the area around it, and even when the culture liquid of this mold was diluted 800 times, the growth of staphylococcus bacteria was still inhibited. He named this penicillin and announced it in 1929.

Fleming
Fleming, Sir (John) Ambrose

Born: 29 November 1849, Lancaster, Lancashire
[Died] April 8, 1945. Sidmouth, Devonshire. British physicist and electrical engineer. After graduating from the University of London, he studied under J. Maxwell at Cambridge University. In 1881, as an advisor to the Edison Electric Light Company in London, he contributed to the development of telegraph technology. In 1885, he became a professor at the University of London, and in the same year discovered Fleming's Law of electromagnetic phenomena. As a technical advisor to Marconi, he invented the diode vacuum tube (1904) to improve radio receivers. He also worked on research into photometry and the development of television. He was knighted in 1929.

Fleming
Fleming, Sandford

Born January 7, 1827 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland
[Died] July 22, 1915. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Canadian railway engineer. He immigrated to Canada in 1845 and first got a job with the Northern Railway Company, then worked on the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. In 1871 he was appointed chief surveyor of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where he demonstrated the feasibility of a route through the Rocky Mountains. After retiring in 1880, he engaged in various scientific research projects. He was also an ardent British imperialist, and represented Canada at the British Colonial Congresses in 1887 and 1894.

Fleming
Fleming, Paul

Born: October 5, 1609, Hartenstein
Died April 2, 1640. German poet in Hamburg. The greatest lyric poet of the Baroque period. Studied medicine in Leipzig and participated in expeditions to Russia and Persia. Started with Petrarchan-style Latin poetry. Learned from M. Opitz in terms of poetic form, but in terms of content he sang the praises of life and love in his own words. Wrote sonnets, secular poems, religious poems, and impromptu poems, and published collections such as Teutsche Poemata (1642), a collection of German poems.

Fleming
Fleming, Klaus Eriksson

[Born] 1535
[Died] 1597
Swedish general and soldier. In the conflict between Sigismund III (Sigismund III Váza), King of Sweden and Poland, and his uncle Charles (later King Charles IX of Sweden), he supported Sigismund. He was appointed Governor-General of Finland, and took away the Finnish people's autonomy and suppressed the Finnish peasant uprising (1596-97).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1883.2.23. カリフォルニア，パサディナ
[没]1949.1.6. アリゾナ，コットンウッド近郊
アメリカ合衆国の映画監督。1930年代のハリウッドで最も活躍した監督の一人。プロデューサーのデービッド・オリバー・セルズニックのもと，『風と共に去りぬ』Gone with the Wind（1939）を完成させ，アカデミー賞の作品賞と監督賞を獲得した。1910年にカー・スタントマンとして映画界に入り，デービッド・ウォーク・グリフィス監督の現場で撮影を担当。第1次世界大戦では撮影部として従軍し，パリ講和会議でウッドロー・ウィルソン大統領のカメラマンを務めた。のちにメトロ＝ゴールドウィン＝メイヤー MGMや 20世紀フォックスと契約し，クラーク・ゲーブルやスペンサー・トレーシーをスターにして高い評価を得る。初監督作品は，ダグラス・フェアバンクスが主演した 1919年の『暗雲晴れて』When the Clouds Roll By。トーキー映画初期の『紅塵』Red Dust（1932）や『宝島』Treasure Island（1934）は人気となり，ジュディ・ガーランドを起用した傑作『オズの魔法使』The Wizard of Oz（1939）ではファンタジーとリアリズムを巧みに融合させた。ほかに『ジキル博士とハイド氏』Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde（1941），『冒険』Adventure（1946），『ジャンヌ・ダーク』Joan of Arc（1948）などがある。

フレミング
Flemming， Walther

[生]1843.4.21. メクレンブルク，シュウェリン郊外
[没]1905.8.4. キール
ドイツの細胞学者，解剖学者。テュービンゲン，ベルリン，ロストクで医学を学び，普仏戦争に軍医として従軍ののち，プラハ大学 (1873) ，キール大学 (76～1901) の解剖学教授。合成染料を使って細胞の微細構造を染め，油浸レンズで見るという研究方法を開発，細胞学の実験技術に画期的な前進をもたらした。 1879年に，動物細胞の中に染料をよく吸収する物質が分布しているのを発見し，chromatin (染色質 ) と名づけた。さらに，細胞分裂のさまざまな段階にある細胞についてその染色質を観察し，分裂開始とともに染色質は何本かの短い棒状の構造となり，次にそれらがそれぞれ縦に2つに割れて，細胞の両端に移動することを明らかにした。染色質に起るこの一連の現象を mitosis (有糸分裂 ) と命名。これらの成果をもとにして，『細胞物質・核・細胞分裂』 Zell-substanz，Kern und Zelltheilung (1882) を著わした。このなかで，染色質は遺伝物質から成っており，有糸分裂は遺伝物質を配分する機構であると推定して，後年，再発見されるメンデルの法則に細胞学的な裏づけを与えることになる。

フレミング
Fleming， Sir Alexander

[生]1881.8.6. エアシャー，ロックフィールド
[没]1955.3.11. ロンドン
イギリスの細菌学者。最初の抗生物質であるペニシリンの発見で，その実用化に成功した E.チェーン，H.フローリーとともに 1945年のノーベル生理学・医学賞を受けた。ロンドン大学などで医学を学び，セントメアリー病院医学校でヒトの組織を侵さないで抗菌性をもつ物質を研究。 22年に唾液などに含まれる抗菌性物質のリゾチームを発見した。さらに 28年にインフルエンザの研究中，ブドウ球菌の培養皿に偶然落ちたカビが，その周囲だけ菌の発育を押えているのを発見，このカビの培養液を 800倍に薄めても，ブドウ球菌の発育を妨げた。これに彼はペニシリンと名づけて 29年に発表した。

フレミング
Fleming， Sir (John) Ambrose

[生]1849.11.29. ランカシャー，ランカスター
[没]1945.4.8. デボンシャー，シドマス
イギリスの物理学者，電気技術者。ロンドン大学を卒業後，ケンブリッジ大学で J.マクスウェルのもとで研究。 1881年ロンドンのエジソン電灯会社顧問として電信技術の発展に貢献。 85年ロンドン大学教授となり，同年電磁現象におけるフレミングの法則を発見。マルコーニ社の技術顧問として，無線受信機改良のために二極真空管を発明 (1904) 。測光の研究やテレビジョンの開発も手がけた。 1929年ナイトの称号を与えられた。

フレミング
Fleming， Sandford

[生]1827.1.7. スコットランド，カーコルディ
[没]1915.7.22. ノバスコシア，ハリファックス
カナダの鉄道技師。 1845年にカナダに移住し，まずノーザン鉄道会社に職を得，次いでインターコロニアル鉄道の建設にたずさわった。 71年カナダ太平洋鉄道の主任測量技師に任じられ，ロッキー山脈を貫徹する経路の有効性を示した。 80年引退後は数々の科学研究に従事。また熱心なイギリス帝国主義者として 87年および 94年のイギリス植民地会議には，カナダを代表して出席した。

フレミング
Fleming， Paul

[生]1609.10.5. ハルテンシュタイン
[没]1640.4.2. ハンブルク
ドイツの詩人。バロック時代の最もすぐれた抒情詩人。ライプチヒで医学を学び，ロシア，ペルシアへの遠征隊に参加。ペトラルカ風のラテン語詩から出発。詩の形態に関しては M.オーピッツに学んでいるが，内容的には独自の言葉で人生と愛とをうたい上げている。ソネット，世俗詩，宗教詩，即興詩を書き，詩集に『ドイツ語詩集』 Teutsche Poemata (1642) など。

フレミング
Fleming， Klaus Eriksson

[生]1535
[没]1597
スウェーデンの軍人，将軍。スウェーデン＝ポーランド王ジギスムント3世 (ジグムント3世ワーザ ) とその叔父カルル (のちのスウェーデン王カルル9世 ) の対立においてジギスムントを支持。信任を受けてフィンランド総督となり，フィンランド人の自治権を奪い，フィンランド農民の蜂起 (1596～97) を弾圧した。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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