Bramante - Donato Bramante

Japanese: ブラマンテ - ぶらまんて(英語表記)Donato Bramante
Bramante - Donato Bramante

A representative Italian architect and painter of the High Renaissance. His real name was Donato d'Angelo Lazzari. He was born near Urbino. It is believed that he spent his apprenticeship in Urbino under the influence of Mantegna and Piero della Francesca. By 1481, he was in the service of the Milan court, and his first known architectural work is the Church of Santa Maria presso di San Satiro (construction started in 1482) in the same city. This was a major renovation of a 9th century building, and Bramante skillfully handled the altar area, which had no depth due to the constraints of the site, with a trompe l'oeil composition making full use of perspective, showing that he had studied the details of Alberti and Brunelleschi well. The work also shows the beginnings of Bramante's inclination toward a centralized plan, which is said to have been due to the influence of Leonardo da Vinci, who was in Milan, and this became a theme for the rest of his life. Also in Milan, he worked on the section east of the crossing of the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (1485-97), demonstrating his deep understanding of the Gothic style of the region.

In 1499, he moved to Rome, where he gave perfect proportions to the simple two-tiered colonnade of Santa Maria della Pace (1500), and in the Tempietto (1502 onwards) in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio, he expanded on the ideas borrowed from Roman architecture to create a harmonious and ideal space. When Pope Julius II ascended to the throne, he became his chief architect, and opened up new horizons in even more powerful classical expression with the Belvedere courtyard of the Vatican, which aimed to recreate an ancient villa in a huge cloister, the cloister of Santa Maria del Popolo (1505-09), and Palazzo Caprini (1514), where Raphael once lived. He then planned to complete the centralized construction of St. Peter's Basilica, but the work was interrupted by the death of the Pope, and Bramante himself died soon after. However, Bramante's works, praised by Serlio as "the man who revived antiquity," continued to have a strong influence on later generations as the pinnacle of classical architecture.

[Wataru Suenaga]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

盛期ルネサンスの代表的イタリアの建築家、画家。本名はDonato d'Angelo Lazzari。ウルビーノ近郊に生まれる。ウルビーノでマンテーニャ、ピエロ・デッラ・フランチェスカらの影響下に修業時代を過ごしたと思われる。1481年までにミラノ宮廷に仕えるところとなり、現在知られる最初の建築作品は同地のサンタ・マリア・プレッソ・サン・サティロ教会(1482起工)である。これは9世紀の建築の大改造であったが、ここでブラマンテは、敷地の制約から奥行のとれない祭壇部を遠近法を駆使しただまし絵的構成で巧みに処理し、細部ではアルベルティ、ブルネレスキをよく学んでいたことを示している。また、ミラノにいたレオナルド・ダ・ビンチの影響に起因するといわれる集中式平面への志向の萌芽(ほうが)もここにみられ、これはブラマンテ終生のテーマとなる。ほかにミラノでは、ゴシック的なこの地方の様式にも深い理解を示すサンタ・マリア・デッレ・グラツィエ教会交差部より東の部分(1485~97)などを手がけた。

 1499年ローマに移り、サンタ・マリア・デッラ・パーチェ教会の回廊(1500)で簡素な二層の列柱に絶妙の比例を与え、さらにサン・ピエトロ・イン・モントリオ教会中庭の円形小堂(テンピエツト)(1502以降)では、ローマ時代の建築から借用した理念を独自に拡張し、調和ある理想的空間を創出する。教皇ユリウス2世が即位するとその主任建築家となり、巨大な回廊に古代の別荘(ビラ)の再生をねらったバチカンの中庭ベルベデーレ、サンタ・マリア・デル・ポポロ教会回廊(1505~09)、ラファエッロが一時住んだパラッツォ・カプリーニ(1514)などでさらに力強い古典的表現に新境地を開いていった。そしてサン・ピエトロ大聖堂の計画に集中式建築の大成を計ったが、工事中に教皇が没して中断され、すぐブラマンテ自身も世を去った。しかし「古代をよみがえらせた人」(セルリオ)とたたえられたブラマンテの作品は、古典主義建築の頂点にたつものとして後世に強い影響を与え続けた。

[末永 航]

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