Corruption - Fuhai

Japanese: 腐敗 - ふはい
Corruption - Fuhai

This is a phenomenon in which organic matter containing nitrogen, such as the remains of living organisms (dead individuals and tissues) and excrement, is incompletely decomposed by the action of anaerobic bacteria. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by hydrolases produced by bacteria. From amino acids, lower fatty acids and ammonia are produced by deamination reaction, and amines are produced by decarboxylation (carboxyl) reaction. Sulfur-containing amino acids containing sulfur atoms produce sulfur-containing compounds. Lower fatty acids are also produced by incomplete decomposition of fats. Sugar is fermented to produce alcohols such as ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and butanol, as well as lower fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid, and low molecular weight ketones such as acetoin and diacetyl. Gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane are also produced during these processes. Many of these substances produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter give off a foul odor, which is known as the odor of decay. There are many types of bacteria that cause decay, and the most well-known are Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. E. coli is a bacterium commonly found in the intestines of mammals; it aids in digestion while the individual is alive, but once the individual dies it plays an important role in the putrefaction of the food.

Moisture is necessary for spoilage to occur, and the optimum temperature for bacteria to grow is 20-40°C, so spoilage is most likely to occur in the summer. Food is preserved by refrigeration, freezing, drying, heating, dehydration, smoking, etc., in order to prevent the growth of bacteria. Preservatives are also used, but many of these antibacterial agents are harmful to the human body.

Although decay is an unpleasant phenomenon, it is extremely important in nature as it converts complex organic nitrogen compounds used by living organisms into simpler organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds, forming a mechanism that allows living organisms to recycle and reuse nitrogen.

[Taku Shimada]

[Reference] | Anaerobic bacteria

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物の遺骸(いがい)(死んだ個体や組織)や排出物など窒素を含む有機物質が、嫌気的細菌の働きによって不完全分解する現象をいう。タンパク質は、細菌の生産する加水分解酵素により分解されてアミノ酸となる。アミノ酸からは脱アミノ反応によって低級脂肪酸やアンモニアが生じ、脱カルボキシ(カルボキシル)反応によってアミンが生じる。また、硫黄(いおう)原子を含む含硫アミノ酸からは含硫化合物が生じる。脂肪も不完全分解によって低級脂肪酸を生ずる。糖は発酵してエタノール(エチルアルコール)やブタノールなどのアルコール類のほか、酢酸、酪酸、プロピオン酸などの低級脂肪酸、アセトインやジアセチルなどの低分子ケトン類を生ずる。これらの過程では二酸化炭素、水素、メタンなどのガスも発生する。有機物の嫌気的分解によって生じるこれらの物質の多くは悪臭を発するが、これがいわゆる腐敗臭である。腐敗をおこす細菌は多種あり、とくに枯草(こそう)菌、クロストリジウム、シュドモナス(プソイドモナス)などがよく知られている。大腸菌は哺乳(ほにゅう)類の腸内に普通にみられる細菌で、個体が生きている間は消化を助ける働きをしているが、死ぬとその腐敗に重要な役割を果たす。

 腐敗がおこるためには水分が必要であり、また、細菌が繁殖しやすい20~40℃が適温で、したがって夏季に腐敗が生じやすい。食品の防腐保存に、冷蔵、冷凍、乾燥、加熱、脱水、燻煙(くんえん)などを行うのは、細菌の繁殖を妨げるためである。防腐剤も用いられるが、その抗菌作用は人体に有害なものが多い。

 腐敗は不快な現象であるが、自然界においてはきわめてたいせつで、生体で利用されていた複雑な有機窒素化合物を、簡単な有機窒素化合物や無機窒素化合物に変化させ、これによって生物が窒素を循環利用できる仕組みが形成されている。

[嶋田 拓]

[参照項目] | 嫌気性細菌

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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