When an individual or group whose interests have been violated takes revenge, they harm the perpetrator in retaliation. Revenge has its roots in a primitive instinct that could be called a feeling of revenge, but historically it has also been a way of preventing lawless attacks and maintaining or restoring the authority of the party that has been violated. In Germanic society, which has a tradition of the Fehde (German), organized revenge by tribes (Sippe) against those who infringed on personal or public interests became a religious belief and was established as an institution in the past. When public interests (interests of the people or the state) were harmed, the perpetrators were either killed (Friedlosigkeit) or banished from the tribe, and in particular when an infringement came from outside the tribe, tribal revenge battles called Blutrache were waged, in which one or both tribes suffered fatal damage or even died. As a means to avoid such revenge battles, the principle of retribution, called Wergeld (atonement money) or Talio, appeared. In particular, as states that unified the various tribes were established and developed, national criminal laws appeared to avoid revenge battles between tribes, and a legal system was established in which the state itself punished infringers (criminals) instead of tribal revenge. However, the ancient Germanic tradition of the fede survived until the establishment of the modern state, despite attempts by many states to restrict or ban it. In modern criminal law, the state has a monopoly on the right to punish, and since only the state can exercise it, victims, whether individuals or groups, are prohibited from taking revenge on perpetrators, and if revenge constitutes any crime, it will be punished. Looking at Japan's criminal law in this regard, not only was "revenge" or "enemy revenge," which was once considered a virtue in bushido, prohibited by a proclamation from the Dajokan in 1873 (Meiji 6), but duels and acts related to them were made punishable by a law called "Dueling Crimes" enacted in 1889 (Meiji 22). Furthermore, if revenge infringes on the opponent's body, it is punishable as a crime of murder, injury, assault, etc., and there are precedents that state that a notice of "village ostracism" constitutes a crime of intimidation. Thus, although the idea of revenge is rejected today, could it be said that the theory of retributive punishment, which is widely seen in penal theory, retains vestiges of the idea of revenge? [Tetsuro Nawa] Revenge as a social practiceRevenge has the function of preventing conflicts in addition to providing emotional compensation for the victim. However, when the victim exacts revenge on the avenger, retaliation is likely to be repeated, and it is not rare that this develops into a long-term, all-out conflict between social groups. In primitive societies where there is no political power to prevent retaliation, this long-term conflict often becomes a war itself. Ethnic groups that accepted revenge as a custom were found sporadically in the peripheral areas of the Islamic world and in western Oceania. In the former region, including southern Italy, it is mainly pastoralists who accepted revenge as a custom, while in the latter region, agriculturalists who are said to have once practiced cannibalism are known to have accepted revenge as a custom. Japanese revenge was a system in which murderers who fled to other territories were punished beyond the regional limits of feudal domain law, and it was a specialized form of revenge in which subordinates closest to the victim made up for the death of their superiors. The reason why there are few stories of revenge between people in Japanese folk tales is probably because revenge was a privilege of the samurai class and was unfamiliar to ordinary people. [Akira Sasaki] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
自らの利益を侵害された個人や団体が、その報復として加害者に対し害悪を加えること。復讐は復讐感情ともよびうる原始的な本能に根ざすものではあるが、歴史的には、無法な攻撃を防止したり、被侵害者の権威を維持・回復する手段でもあった。 フェーデFehde(ドイツ語)の伝統をもつゲルマン社会では、古くは、個人または公の利益を侵害する者に対する部族Sippeによる組織的な復讐が宗教的な信仰になり、制度としても確立していた。公の利益(人民や国家の利益)が害される場合には加害者は平和喪失Friedlosigkeitにより殺害されるに任されたり、部族から追放され、とくに部族外からの侵害に対しては血讐Blutracheとよばれる部族による復讐闘争が行われ、部族の一方または双方が致命的な損害を受け、死滅することさえあった。このような復讐闘争を回避する手段として、金銭で償う贖罪(しょくざい)金WergeldやタリオTalioとよばれる同害報復の原則が登場することになった。とりわけ、各部族を統一する国家が成立・発展するなかで、部族間の復讐闘争を避けるため国家的刑法が登場し、部族による復讐にかわって国家自らが侵害者(犯罪者)を処罰する法制度が確立するに至った。しかし、ゲルマン古来の伝統であるフェーデは、多くの国家が制限したり、禁止しようとしたにもかかわらず、近代国家が成立するまで生き続けた。 近代刑法では、国家が刑罰権を独占することになり、国家のみがこれを行使しうるから、個人であれ団体であれ被害者が加害者に対し復讐を行うことは禁止され、復讐がいずれかの犯罪を構成すれば処罰される。この点をわが国の刑法についてみると、1873年(明治6)の太政官(だじょうかん)布告により、かつて武士道上の美徳とされてきた「仇討(あだうち)」または「敵討(かたきうち)」は禁止されたばかりでなく、決闘やこれに関与する行為は、89年(明治22)に制定された「決闘罪ニ関スル件」という法律により処罰されることとなったし、さらに、復讐が相手の人身を侵害する場合には殺人・傷害・暴行等の罪により処罰され、判例には「村八分」の通告が脅迫罪にあたるとしたものがある。このように、復讐の思想は今日では否定されてはいるが、刑罰論において広くみられる応報刑論は、復讐の思想の名残(なごり)をとどめているといえようか。 [名和鐵郎] 社会慣行としての復讐復讐には、被害を感情的に補償するほかに、紛争を抑止する機能がある。ただし、復讐された側が復讐した側に再復讐すると報復が繰り返されやすく、社会集団間の長期全面紛争に発展することが少なくない。再復讐を抑止する政治権力がない未開社会では、この長期紛争が戦争そのものであることが多い。復讐が慣行として容認されていた民族はイスラム圏の周辺地域とオセアニア西部に散発的にみられた。南イタリアなどを含む前者地域では主として牧畜民が、後者ではかつて食人風習のあったとされる農耕民が、それぞれ復讐を慣行として認めていた例が知られている。日本の敵討は、他領に逃亡した殺人犯を藩法の地域制限を超えて処罰する制度で、被害者にもっとも近い目下の関係者が目上の被害者の死を補う、特殊化した復讐だった。日本の昔話に人間同士の復讐物語が少ないのは、敵討が武家の特権で、庶民にはなじみがなかった結果だろう。 [佐々木明] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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