One of the four seasons that appear in temperate regions. In Japan, autumn is from the beginning of autumn (around August 8th) to the day before the beginning of winter (around November 7th). In terms of months, it is roughly July, August, and September in the lunar calendar, and August, September, and October in the Gregorian calendar. In the West, autumn is from the autumn equinox to the winter solstice, which is the same as the division in astronomy. In meteorology, it is three months, September, October, and November, shifted by one month. In ancient Japan, autumn was until the night before the rice harvest, and winter was the night of the harvest. There are theories about the origin of the word "aki" (autumn), as it is a season when food is abundant, and another theory that it comes from rice being "akaramu" (ripe), but in rural areas, the harvest season is called autumn, and there are words such as dekiaki (harvested autumn), beishu (rice autumn), and bakushu (wheat autumn). The weather in autumn does not necessarily follow the same course in temperate regions, but the phenomenon of a lull in the temperature as it gradually drops is known in Europe and the United States as Indian summer or St. Martin été (French). In the UK, autumn is often used to refer to autumn, but in the US, fall is more commonly used. The seasonal characteristics of autumn in Japan are as follows: (1) More typhoons hit Japan in August than in September. However, the mainland is affected by typhoons once or twice a year in September or October, and September 17th and 26th are special days when typhoons are likely to strike and cause damage. (2) September varies greatly, with some years experiencing lingering heat and others experiencing an early cooldown, but rain is common from mid-September to early October, and this rainy season is usually called Akisame (autumn rains). When rain from typhoons and autumn rains overlap, heavy rains can cause damage in some places. (3) In many places, September is the month with the highest amount of precipitation in the year. From mid-October onwards, the amount of rainfall decreases significantly and the area is blessed with clear autumn skies. November 3rd is known as an exceptional day blessed with clear skies. (4) The typical clouds that color the autumn sky are altocumulus and cirrocumulus clouds, which are also known by the common names of scale clouds and mackerel clouds. The characteristic of autumn clouds is that they flow horizontally, whereas summer clouds rise upward. (5) In November, when a mobile high pressure system passes over the mainland, the weather is often sunny with cold mornings and frost may form. In addition to frost, many phenomena reflecting the microclimate in the ground layer, such as fog (river fog, basin fog, etc.) and dew, occur in autumn due to the cooling of the ground. (6) From late autumn to early winter, the first outburst of the winter monsoons can cause localized disturbances in the wind and sudden rainfall; this is the phenomenon of shigure. [Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki] As a literary subjectThe seasonal awareness of autumn can already be seen in the Kojiki and the Manyoshu. In the Kojiki, Shitabiotoko of Akiyama, who personifies autumn leaves, appears in the Emperor Ojin's reign as opposed to Kasumiotoko of Spring Mountain, and Volume 1 of the Manyoshu contains a poem by Princess Nukata that discusses the relative merits of spring and autumn and praises autumn. In the early days, due to connections with singing festivals and the like, spring was often the subject of poetry, but from the Nara period, interest in autumn increased with the influence of Chinese poetry and prose, and in volumes 8 and 10 of the Manyoshu, which has a section on the four seasons, there are an overwhelming number of poems about autumn, with favorite themes being maple leaves, bush clover, and Tanabata. Yamanoue Okura's poem in volume 8 about the seven autumn herbs - bush clover, cattail, kuzu, dianthus, ominaeshi, wisteria, and morning glory - demonstrates the new aesthetic sense of the urban aristocracy. The sense of sadness associated with autumn, as seen in the first line of the Kokin Wakashu poem, "Autumn is so sad in all things, when I think that the passing of time is the limit," is not yet seen in the Manyoshu. However, the Kaifuso contains passages such as "The autumn air is sad" (Shimomoto no Musumaro) and "The poetic realm mourns the autumn season" (Isonokami Otomaro). With the advent of the Heian period, the concept of sad autumn became established, as exemplified by the "Ode to the Double Ninth Festival: The Divine Spring Flowers of Autumn Are So Sad," an ode to the Double Ninth Festival that was created by Emperor Saga and his subjects together in the Keikokushu. Just as the "Prince Koresada's Household Poetry Contest" has autumn as its theme, with the popularity of poetry contests and folding screen poetry, many poems were written on the theme of the seasons, and the "Kokin Wakashu" established an awareness of the four seasons. With a focus on autumn leaves, various poetic subjects were categorized, including the moon, crickets, geese, deer, bush clover, lady's mantle, wisteria hakama, pampas grass, dianthus, chrysanthemums, and dew. This formed the basis for a sense of the seasons that would later develop into seasonal words and other things. Discussions of the superiority or inferiority of the Spring and Autumn Periods attracted greater interest during the Heian period, and there are many examples such as Oshikouchin no Mitsune's "Spring and Autumn Poetry Contest," Murasaki no Ue and Empress Akikonojo at Rokujo-in in "The Tale of Genji," the entry for 1042 in the "Sarashina Diary," and the "Spring and Autumn Poetry Contest by Empress Kanko" in 1056. As can be seen from the fact that autumn is prominent among the poems about the four seasons in the "Hyakunin Isshu," the centrality of Japanese aesthetic sense, represented by "mono no aware," such as the sentiment of autumn twilight, known from "The Pillow Book" and "The Songs of the Three Evenings," the clear and lustrous beauty of autumn moons such as the harvest moon in the mid-autumn season and the early dawn moon in September, and the loneliness of the long autumn nights associated with feelings of love, is particularly closely related to the seasonal sense of autumn that emerged from court literature. [Teruhiko Komachiya] "The Story of the Calendar: Twelve Months" by Uchida Masao (1991, Yuzankaku Publishing)" ▽ "The Four Seasons and Life in Japan" by Ichikawa Takeo (1993, Kokin Shoin)" ▽ "A Seasonal Encyclopedia of Thought -- Kurashima Atsushi's Tales of the Seasons" by Kurashima Atsushi (1997, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "A Seasonal Encyclopedia of Heartwarming Tales -- Kurashima Atsushi's Seasonal Notes" by Kurashima Atsushi (1998, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Sanseido Annual Events Encyclopedia" edited by Tanaka Nobukazu and Miyata Noboru (1998, Sanseido)" ▽ "The Four Seasons of Literature" by Aiba Takao (1999, Shinchosha)" ▽ "Meteorological Almanac" by Hiranuma Yoji (1999, Kagyusha)" ▽ "Easy-to-understand How to Read and Think About Weather Charts" edited by Nitta Hisashi and written by Tsuchiya Takashi and others (2000, Ohmsha)" ▽ "Time and Space in the Manyoshu" by Hashimoto Tatsuo (2000, Kasama Shoin)" ▽ "Dictionary of the Words of the Four Seasons" edited by Kodansha Dictionary Department (2000, Kodansha)" ▽ "A Refreshing Dictionary of Seasons -- Kurashima Atsushi's Notes on the Four Seasons" (2001, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Basic Wind Knowledge for Weather Forecasting" by Yamagishi Yonejiro (2002, Ohmsha)" ▽ "The Tale of Genji: Seasonal Almanac" by Suzuki Hideo (Chikuma Gakugei Bunko)" ▽ "The Truth about the Seasonal Almanac" by Ishi Kanta (Bunshun Shinsho)" [References] | | | | | | |Funai Munetsune| | | | | | | | | | | clouds| | | |Indian | | |Sarashina Nikki| heat| |Sprinkling | | | | | |Mid- | | | | | | | | | | |The Pillow Book| | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
温帯地方に現れる四季の一つ。日本では立秋(8月8日ごろ)から立冬(11月7日ごろ)の前日までを秋とする。月でいうと旧暦ではだいたい7、8、9月、新暦では8、9、10月である。西洋では秋分から冬至までを秋としているが、これは天文学上の区分けと同様である。気象学上では、1か月ずらして9、10、11月の3か月である。日本の古代の考え方では稲の刈り上げ前夜までが秋で、刈り上げの夜は冬であった。「あき」の語源は食物が豊かにとれる季節であることから、「飽(あ)き」からきているとする説、また稲が「あからむ」(熟)ことからきているとする説などがあるが、農村では収穫期を秋といい、出来秋(できあき)、米秋(べいしゅう)、麦秋(ばくしゅう)などの語がある。 秋の天候は、温帯の各地でかならずしも同じような経過を示すわけではないが、気温がしだいに低下していく途中で現れる中休み現象としての小春日和(こはるびより)は欧米でも認められ、インディアン・サマーIndian summerとか、サン・マルタン・エテSt. Martin été(フランス語)とよばれている。なおイギリスでは秋はautumnを使うことが多いが、アメリカではfallを使うことが多い。 日本の秋の季節的な特徴は次のとおりである。 (1)日本に来襲する台風の数は9月よりも8月が多い。しかし、9月や10月に本土が台風の影響を受けることが1年に1、2回はあり、災害をもたらす台風の来襲しやすい特異日として9月17日と26日がある。 (2)9月は残暑が目だつ年があったり、反対に早冷の年があったりして変動が大きいが、9月中旬から10月上旬までは雨が降りやすく、この雨期は普通、秋雨(あきさめ)とよばれている。台風による雨と、秋雨とが重なると、場所によっては被害をもたらす大雨となることもある。 (3)1年のうちで9月の降水量が最大である地点が多くみられる。10月も中旬以後は雨量がずっと少なくなり、秋晴れに恵まれるようになる。11月3日などは晴天に恵まれる特異日として知られている。 (4)秋の空を彩る典型的な雲は高積雲(こうせきうん)や巻積雲(けんせきうん)であり、これらは鱗(うろこ)雲、鯖(さば)雲などの俗名でよばれることもある。秋の雲の特徴は、夏の雲が上方に沸き立つ雲であるのに対し、水平に流れる雲であることである。 (5)11月になり本土の上を移動性高気圧が通過するようになると、よく晴れて朝方冷え込み、霜の降りるようなこともある。秋は、霜のほか、地面の冷却に伴われた、霧(川霧、盆地霧など)や露などの接地層内の微気象を反映した現象が数多く現れる。 (6)晩秋から初冬にかけ、冬の季節風の最初の吹き出しに伴われ、局地的に風が乱れ、にわか雨が降ることがあるが、これが時雨(しぐれ)現象である。 [根本順吉・青木 孝] 文学の主題として秋に対する季節意識はすでに『古事記(こじき)』や『万葉集(まんようしゅう)』からみられる。『古事記』中・応神(おうじん)天皇には春山の霞壮夫(かすみおとこ)に対して紅葉を擬人化した秋山の下氷壮夫(したびおとこ)が登場し、『万葉集』巻1には額田王(ぬかたのおおきみ)の春秋優劣を論じて秋を賞揚する歌が収められている。早くは歌垣などとのかかわりもあって春が歌に詠まれることが多かったが、奈良時代からは漢詩文の影響も加わり秋への関心が高まって、四季の部立(ぶだて)が設けられている『万葉集』巻8や巻10では秋の歌が圧倒的に多く、黄葉(もみぢ)や萩(はぎ)、七夕(たなばた)などが好んで詠まれており、巻8の山上憶良(やまのうえのおくら)の秋の七草、萩・尾花(おばな)・葛(くず)・瞿麦(なでしこ)・女郎花(おみなえし)・藤袴(ふじばかま)・朝顔を詠んだ歌は、都市貴族の新しい美意識を示している。 『古今和歌集(こきんわかしゅう)』秋上の「ものごとに秋ぞ悲しきもみぢつつ移ろひゆくをかぎりと思へば」などに典型的にみられる秋の悲哀感は『万葉集』にはまだみられないが、『懐風藻(かいふうそう)』には「秋気悲しぶべし」(下毛野虫麻呂)、「詩境秋節を悲しぶ」(石上乙麻呂)などとあり、平安時代に入ると、『経国集(けいこくしゅう)』の嵯峨(さが)上皇以下君臣一体となって製作した「重陽節神泉花秋哀れぶべしの賦」などに代表されるように、悲しい秋の概念は定着した。「是貞親王家歌合(これさだのみこのいえのうたあわせ)」が秋を題にしているように、歌合や屏風(びょうぶ)歌などの盛行とともに季節を題材とした歌が多く詠まれ、『古今和歌集』では四季の意識が確立し、紅葉を中心に、月・きりぎりす・雁(がん)・鹿(しか)・萩・女郎花・藤袴・薄(すすき)・撫子(なでしこ)・菊・露などさまざまな歌材が類型化し、後世に季語などに発展していく歳時意識の基盤が形成された。 春秋優劣の論議は平安時代に入って一段と関心をひき、凡河内躬恒(おおしこうちのみつね)の『論春秋歌合』、『源氏物語』の六条院における紫の上と秋好中宮、『更級(さらしな)日記』長久(ちょうきゅう)3年(1042)の条、天喜(てんき)4年(1056)『皇后宮寛子春秋歌合』など、多くの例がみられる。『百人一首』の四季の歌のなかで秋が目だって多いことからもうかがわれるように、『枕草子(まくらのそうし)』や「三夕(さんせき)の歌」などからも知られる秋の夕暮れの情趣、中秋の名月や九月(ながつき)の有明(ありあけ)の月など秋の月の清澄艶麗(えんれい)な美しさ、恋の情緒にまつわる秋の夜長のわびしさなど、「もののあはれ」に代表される日本的な美意識中心性は、王朝文学のなかから生み出された秋の季節感ととくに関連が深い。 [小町谷照彦] 『内田正男著『暦のはなし十二ヵ月』(1991・雄山閣出版)』▽『市川健夫著『日本の四季と暮らし』(1993・古今書院)』▽『倉嶋厚著『季節しみじみ事典――倉嶋厚の四季ものがたり』(1997・東京堂出版)』▽『倉嶋厚著『季節ほのぼの事典――倉嶋厚の季節ノート』(1998・東京堂出版)』▽『田中宣一・宮田登編『三省堂年中行事事典』(1998・三省堂)』▽『饗庭孝男著『文学の四季』(1999・新潮社)』▽『平沼洋司著『気象歳時記』(1999・蝸牛社)』▽『新田尚監修、土屋喬ほか著『よくわかる天気図の読み方・考え方』(2000・オーム社)』▽『橋本達雄著『万葉集の時空』(2000・笠間書院)』▽『講談社辞典局編『四季のことば辞典』(2000・講談社)』▽『倉嶋厚著『季節さわやか事典――倉嶋厚の四季覚え書き』(2001・東京堂出版)』▽『山岸米二郎著『気象予報のための風の基礎知識』(2002・オーム社)』▽『鈴木日出男著『源氏物語歳時記』(ちくま学芸文庫)』▽『石寒太著『「歳時記」の真実』(文春新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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