Fisher

Japanese: フィッシャー

German organic chemist. He entered the University of Bonn in 1871, and transferred to the University of Strasbourg the following year, where he obtained his doctorate under JFWA Baeyer in 1874. The following year he moved to the University of Munich with Baeyer, becoming an associate professor in 1879, a professor at the University of Erlangen in 1882, and a professor at the University of Würzburg in 1885, before becoming a professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin in 1892. He began research on phenylhydrazine derivatives, successfully synthesizing them in 1878 and establishing their structural formula. In 1884 he discovered the usefulness of phenylhydrazine as a reagent for carbonyl groups (the production of crystalline hydrazones), which later became an indispensable reagent for the study of the structure of sugars. He began research on uric acid and its derivatives in 1881, and almost singlehandedly pioneered the chemistry of purines, leading to the first synthesis of a nucleotide in 1914. He began researching carbohydrates in 1884, and by 1891 he had experimentally confirmed the configuration of the 16 stereoisomers of glucose predicted by JH van't Hoff's stereochemical theory, and had determined the structures of many natural sugars and synthesized unnatural sugars. In 1894, he proposed the famous lock and key model of enzyme action from his research on sugar fermentation. In 1899 he began researching proteins, mainly working on the separation and synthesis of amino acids and the synthesis of polypeptides. In 1902 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of sugars and purines. As chairman of the Committee for Chemical Production and Food Supply, he was active in organizing Germany's chemical resources, and after the war he worked to reorganize chemical education and improve research facilities. Japanese who studied in his classroom in Berlin include Suzuki Umetaro and Asahina Yasuhiko.

Fisher Fisher
Fischer, Ernst Otto

German inorganic and organometallic chemist. After graduating from the Technical University of Munich in 1949, he worked as an assistant to W. Hieber in the inorganic chemistry department of the same university, and obtained his doctorate in 1952. He then worked as a lecturer at the Technical University of Munich, traveled to the United States for research, and became a professor at the University of Munich, before becoming a professor in the inorganic chemistry department at the Technical University of Munich in 1964. He independently confirmed through X-ray diffraction measurements that the structure of ferrocene is one in which an iron ion is sandwiched between two five-membered rings (a so-called sandwich structure). In 1967, he also synthesized the first chromium complex (Fischer-type carbene complex), making a major contribution to organometallic chemistry. For these achievements, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Wilkinson in 1973.

Fisher Fisher
Fischer, Hans

German organic chemist. He studied medicine and chemistry at the Universities of Lausanne and Marburg, receiving his doctorate in chemistry in 1904 and his doctorate in medicine in 1908. After serving as an assistant to EH Fischer at the Berlin Chemical Institute, he became a professor at the University of Innsbruck in 1916, a professor at the University of Vienna in 1918, and a professor at the Technical University of Munich in 1921, succeeding H. Wieland. He studied biologically important molecules such as blood, bile, and leaf pigments, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1930 for determining the structure of hemin, the non-protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule, and for determining the structure of chlorophyll. He synthesized bilirubin in 1944. When his laboratory was destroyed in the ravages of war towards the end of World War II, he committed suicide in despair over the future of his research.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

ドイツの有機化学者．1871年ボン大学に入学，翌年シュトラスブルク大学に移り，1874年J.F.W.A. Baeyer(バイヤー)のもとで学位を取得．翌年Baeyerとともにミュンヘン大学へ移り，1879年員外教授，1882年エルランゲン大学教授，1885年ビュルツブルク大学教授を経て，1892年ベルリン大学化学教授を歴任した．フェニルヒドラジン誘導体について研究をはじめ，1878年合成に成功し構造式を確立した．1884年にはカルボニル基に対する試薬としてのフェニルヒドラジンの有用性(結晶性のヒドラゾンの生成)を発見，後年，糖類の構造研究上不可欠の試薬となった．1881年尿酸とその誘導体の研究をはじめ，1914年ヌクレオチドの最初の合成に至るまでに，プリン類の化学をほとんど独力で開拓した．1884年糖質の研究をはじめ，1891年までに，J.H.van't Hoff(ファントホッフ)の立体化学理論から予想されたグルコースの16の立体異性体の立体配置を実験的に確定し，多くの天然糖の構造決定と非天然糖の合成を行った．1894年糖発酵の研究から有名な酵素作用の鍵と鍵穴モデルを提出．1899年にはタンパク質の研究をはじめ，おもにアミノ酸の分離と合成，ポリペプチド合成の研究を行った．1902年糖類とプリン類の合成でノーベル化学賞を受賞．化学製品生産と食糧供給委員会の会長としてドイツの化学資源の組織化に活躍し，戦後，化学教育の再編や研究施設の充実に努力した．ベルリンのかれの教室に留学した日本人には鈴木梅太郎，朝比奈泰彦らがいる．

フィッシャー
フィッシャー
Fischer, Ernst Otto

ドイツの無機化学者および有機金属化学者．1949年ミュンヘン工科大学卒業後，同大学無機化学科のW. Hieberのもとで助手を務め，1952年博士号を取得．その後，ミュンヘン工科大学講師，研究のためのアメリカ滞在，ミュンヘン大学教授を経て，1964年ミュンヘン工科大学の無機化学科教授となった．フェロセンの構造が，二つの五員環の間に鉄イオンがはさまった構造(いわゆるサンドイッチ構造)であることを，X線回折測定によりG. Wilkinson(ウィルキンソン)とは独立に確認した．また，1967年には，最初のクロム錯体(フィッシャー型カルベン錯体)を合成し，有機金属化学へ大きく貢献した．こうした功績により，1973年Wilkinsonとともにノーベル化学賞を受賞した．

フィッシャー
フィッシャー
Fischer, Hans

ドイツの有機化学者．ローザンヌ大学とマールブルク大学で医学と化学を学び，1904年化学博士号を，1908年医学博士号を取得．ベルリン化学研究所のE.H. Fischer(フィッシャー)のもとで助手を務めた後，1916年インスブルク大学教授，1918年ウィーン大学教授，1921年H. Wieland(ウィーラント)の後任としてミュンヘン工科大学教授となる．血液や胆汁，葉の色素などの生物学的に重要な分子を研究し，ヘモグロビン分子中の非タンパク質部分であるヘミンの構造決定やクロロフィルの構造決定により，1930年ノーベル化学賞を受賞．1944年ビリルビンを合成．第二次世界大戦末期に戦禍で研究所が破壊され，研究の前途を絶望して自殺した．

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