Military food supply station

From the end of the Heian period to the Nanboku-cho period, this refers to manors and territories that were designated as targets for the collection of military rice during times of war. Under the Ritsuryo system, the Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku, Tokai and other regions were designated to supply military rice to the expeditionary forces managed by the Tohoku region, which can be considered a precedent. The main source of supply was the regular taxes of each country, but as a result, this intensified the exploitation of ordinary farmers. During the Genpei War, in December 1180 (Jisho 4), the Taira clan requested an Imperial edict to levy new "military rice" from their fiefdoms of Noto, Tajima, Kii, and Sado, and the Kamakura Shogunate also imposed a military rice tax of five sho per tan when it established shugo and jito in 1185 (Bunji 1). Temporary offices were also established during the Jokyu War and the Mongol Invasion. However, the most common system was the military rice tax office, which was established at the start of the Nanboku-cho Civil War. Shugo in each province were established without the approval of the Imperial Court as in the past, under the pretext of raising military funds and providing rewards. This led to the promotion of invasions of the manors and public lands of subordinate samurai and feudal lords, and eventually became the catalyst for the Muromachi shogunate's promulgation of the Hanzei Law.

[Jiro Shimada]

"Miyagawa Mitsuru, 'The Dismantling of the Manor System' (included in 'Iwanami Lecture Series on Japanese History 7: Middle Ages 3', 1963, Iwanami Shoten)" "Ogawa Makoto, 'The Northern and Southern Courts Civil War' (included in 'Iwanami Lecture Series on Japanese History 6: Middle Ages 2', 1975, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

平安末期から南北朝期にかけて、戦乱の際にとくに指定されて兵粮米徴収の対象となった荘園(しょうえん)、所領のこと。律令(りつりょう)制下で、東北地方経営の遠征軍のため、東北、関東、北陸、東海などの諸国が指定されて「軍粮(ぐんろう)」を供給したのは、その先例といえる。その給源は主として各国庫の正税(しょうぜい)であったが、その結果、一般農民への収奪を強めた。源平争乱に際し、1180年（治承4）12月、平氏が院宣(いんぜん)を請うて、その知行国(ちぎょうこく)たる能登(のと)、但馬(たじま)、紀伊、佐渡に新たに「兵乱米(へいらんまい)」を徴した例があり、鎌倉幕府も1185年（文治1）守護・地頭設置に際して兵粮米反別五升を課した。また承久(じょうきゅう)の乱、蒙古(もうこ)襲来合戦のときにも臨時に設置している。しかしもっとも一般化したのは、南北朝内乱が始まるとともに行われた兵粮料所で、以前のように朝廷からの承認を得ずに、各国守護が軍費調達、恩賞給与を口実として濫設した。そのため配下の武士、領主層の荘園、公領の侵略を促進させることになり、やがて室町幕府による半済(はんぜい)法公布の一契機となった。

［島田次郎］

『宮川満著『荘園制の解体』（『岩波講座　日本歴史7　中世3』所収・1963・岩波書店）』▽『小川信著『南北朝内乱』（『岩波講座　日本歴史6　中世2』所収・1975・岩波書店）』

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