It refers to a trait that appears outside of an organism. It is the same term as genotype, which indicates a combination of genes. It was named by Johansen of Denmark (1909). The traits of an organism include not only morphology, but also physiological functions, biochemical properties, behavior, and mental activity. These are controlled by the organism's genotype, and can change significantly depending on the dominance of genes and the influence of the environment. Phenotype expression occurs when genetic information stored in the DNA of genes in the cell nucleus is transcribed into messenger RNA, which is then translated into proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated or suppressed at various stages in this process. In Mendel's breeding experiments, when pea seeds with smooth, round surfaces were crossed with those with wrinkled, angular surfaces, the first generation of hybrids produced only smooth, round seeds, and no wrinkled, angular seeds. The traits that appear in such first generation hybrids are called dominant, and the traits that do not appear are called recessive. In diploid higher plants and animals that have two homologous chromosomes, there are two identical genes at the same locus, one on each homologous chromosome, and in the first generation of hybrids, when the genes inherited one from each parent form a dominant and recessive heterozygous combination, the phenotype will only show the trait of the dominant gene. It is well known that in the human ABO blood type system, among people with phenotype A, there are people with genotypes AA and AO , and among people with phenotype B, there are people with genotypes BB and BO . [Kuroda Yukiaki] "Human Genetics" by Takashi Komai (1966, Baifukan Publishing) ▽ "Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution" by Motoo Kimura (1986, Kinokuniya Shoten) ▽ "Introduction to Population Genetics" by D.L. Hartle, translated by Terumi Mukai and Sadao Isawa (1987, Baifukan Publishing) ▽ "Gene Targeting - Creating Mutant Mice Using ES Cells" by Shinichi Aizawa (1995, Yodosha Publishing) ▽ "Genetics for the 21st Century 1: Basic Genetics" edited by Yukiaki Kuroda (1995, Shokabo Publishing) ▽ "Evolutionary Genetics" by John Maynard Smith, translated by Tsune Iwasa and Yuko Harada (1995, Sangyo Tosho Publishing) ▽ "Expression and Evaluation of Traits Related to Fisheries Breeding" edited by Yoshihisa Fujio and Yoshihiko Taniguchi (1998, Koseisha Koseisha Publishing) ▽ "Molecular Biology Lecture Live (Part 1) by Ide Toshinori - A famous lecture that teaches everything from the essential biological background to the latest in molecular biology that textbooks alone do not provide" (2002, Yodosha)" ▽ "What is life? An introduction to the theory of complex systems life by Kaneko Kunihiko" (2003, University of Tokyo Press) [Reference] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物の外に現れた形質をいう。遺伝子の組合せを示す遺伝子型genotypeに対応する語。デンマークのヨハンセンによって名づけられた(1909)。生物のもつ形質には、形態的なもののほか、生理的機能や生化学的な性質、さらには行動や精神活動なども含まれるが、これらは、その生物がもつ遺伝子型によって支配されると同時に、遺伝子の優劣関係や環境の影響によって大きく変化する。表現型の発現は、細胞核内の遺伝子DNAに蓄えられた遺伝情報が伝令RNA(メッセンジャーRNA)に転写され、細胞質内のリボゾーム上でタンパク質に翻訳されることによって行われる。この過程の種々の段階で遺伝子の発現は調節や抑制を受ける。 メンデルの行った交配実験で、エンドウの種子の表面が滑らかで丸いものと、シワがよって角ばっているものとを交配すると、雑種第一代ではすべて表面が滑らかで丸いもののみが生じ、シワがよって角ばったものは現れなかった。このような雑種第一代で現れる形質を優性といい、現れない形質を劣性という。相同染色体を2本ずつもつ二倍体の高等動植物では、同一座位の同じ遺伝子が相同染色体上に1個ずつ合計2個存在し、雑種第一代では、両親から1個ずつ受け継いだ遺伝子が、優性、劣性のヘテロの組合せになったとき、表現型は優性の遺伝子の形質のみが現れる。 ヒトのABO式血液型で、表現型がA型のヒトのなかにも遺伝子型はAAのヒトとAOのヒトがあり、表現型がB型のヒトのなかにも遺伝子型がBBのヒトとBOのヒトがあるのはよく知られている。 [黒田行昭] 『駒井卓著『人類の遺伝学』(1966・培風館)』▽『木村資生著『分子進化の中立説』(1986・紀伊國屋書店)』▽『D・L・ハートル著、向井輝美・石和貞男訳『集団遺伝学入門』(1987・培風館)』▽『相沢慎一著『ジーンターゲティング――ES細胞を用いた変異マウスの作製』(1995・羊土社)』▽『黒田行昭編著『21世紀への遺伝学1 基礎遺伝学』(1995・裳華房)』▽『ジョン・メイナード・スミス著、巌佐庸・原田祐子訳『進化遺伝学』(1995・産業図書)』▽『藤尾芳久・谷口順彦編『水産育種に関わる形質の発現と評価』(1998・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『井出利憲著『分子生物学講義中継(Part1)――教科書だけじゃ足りない絶対必要な生物学的背景から最新の分子生物学まで学べる名物講義』(2002・羊土社)』▽『金子邦彦著『生命とは何か――複雑系生命論序説』(2003・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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