A castle from the Nanboku-cho period to the Edo period. Located in Honmachi, Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture, it is also known as Shirasagi Castle. It is a typical example of a flatland castle, with its main citadel on the 45-meter-high Himeyama mountain in the center of the Himeji Plain. The castle has a long history, dating back to 1331 (Ganko 1), when Akamatsu Norimura, the governor of Harima, set up camp there during the Genko Rebellion. It is said that Norimura's son Sadanori built the castle in 1346 (Shohei 1, Sadawa 2). The Akamatsu clan appointed the Kodera clan as their deputy to guard the castle. After the Kakitsu Rebellion (1441), Yamana Mochitoyo (Sozen) briefly occupied the castle, but after the Kodera clan moved to Gochaku Castle in 1545 (Tenbun 14), their vassal Kuroda clan based there. In 1580 (Tensho 8), Hashiba (Toyotomi) Hideyoshi fully renovated the castle as a base for his battles against the Mori clan, and built a three-story castle tower. This is the beginning of the current Himeji Castle. When the castle tower was dismantled and repaired, a stone wall one size smaller than the current main castle tower was discovered among the stone walls, and it was confirmed that the castle tower from Hideyoshi's time was in the same place. However, it was not until a little later, when Ikeda Terumasa entered Himeji in 1600 (Keicho 5), that the buildings we see today were built and the castle was expanded to its current size. Terumasa was the son-in-law of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and as a feudal lord who ruled over Bizen and Awaji in addition to Harima, he planned to renovate the castle into a fully-fledged modern castle. Construction began in 1601, the year after he became lord, and took nine years to complete. The layout of the castle's enclosures, which consist of the Honmaru, Ninomaru, Sannomaru, and Nishinomaru, is distinctive in that they are arranged in a spiral shape with moats surrounding the inner and middle enclosures. Almost all of the original buildings, including the castle tower, turrets, and gates, remain, making it the largest castle ruin in Japan and a masterpiece from the Keicho period, when castle-building technology was at its most advanced. The castle tower was completed in 1609, and then in 1617 (Genwa 3), Ikeda Mitsumasa was transferred to Tottori, and Honda Tadamasa came in from Kuwana, and then Matsudaira (Okudaira), Matsudaira (Yuki), Sakakibara, Matsudaira (Yuki), Honda, Sakakibara, Matsudaira (Yuki), and finally Sakai Tadazumi was transferred from Maebashi in 1749 (Kan'en 2), and the succession remained hereditary until the Meiji Restoration. Himeji Castle has by far the most numerous structures of any castle in Japan, with four large and small castle towers and four connecting turrets designated as National Treasures, and 16 turrets, 11 connecting turrets, 15 gates, and 32 walls designated as Important Cultural Properties. The castle towers are connected together and consist of four small and large towers: the Large Tower, the Small Western Tower, the Small Inui Tower, and the Small Eastern Tower. The Large Tower in particular is 33 meters high and is massive, with five exterior floors and seven interior floors, making it the largest surviving castle tower of its kind. Designated as national treasures and important cultural properties are the Orimawashi Tower, Iguruwa Tower, Obi Tower, Obiguruwa Tower, Taiko Tower, and Kesho Tower, as well as the Watariyagura and Tower marked with the Iroha symbols. There are also many gates marked with the Iroha symbols, including the Hishi no Mon Gate, the main gate of Ninomaru. Among them, the Luno Gate is a tunnel-style Uzumimon gate. The so-called "Hyakuken Corridor" in the Nishinomaru is a unique feature not found in other castles, starting from the Kesho-yagura (kesho turret) and continuing through the Nu, Ru, Wo, and Wa turrets and the Ka, Yo, Ta, and Re connecting turrets. It is not just a corridor, but has over 20 rooms inside. In 1993 (Heisei 5), Himeji Castle was registered as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage). [Tetsuo Owada] [Reference] | | |In 1580 (Tensho 8), Hideyoshi Hashiba (Hideyoshi Toyotomi) fully renovated the castle, and from 1601 (Keicho 6) to 1609, Terumasa Ikeda expanded it to its current form. It is completely covered with white plasterwork, and is also known as the White Heron Castle. National Treasure and World Heritage Site "Himeji Castle" (registered in 1993) Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture ©Shogakukan "> Himeji Castle ©Shogakukan "> Plan of Himeji Castle Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
南北朝期~江戸期の城。兵庫県姫路市本(ほん)町にあり、白鷺(しらさぎ/はくろ)城ともよばれる。姫路平野の中央、高さ45メートルの姫山を本丸とした平山城(ひらやまじろ)の典型である。城の歴史は古く、1331年(元弘1)の元弘(げんこう)の乱のとき、播磨(はりま)守護赤松則村(あかまつのりむら)が陣を構えたのに始まり、1346年(正平1・貞和2)則村の子貞範(さだのり)が築城したと伝えられる。赤松氏は目代(もくだい)として小寺(こでら)氏を置いてこの城を守らせた。嘉吉(かきつ)の乱(1441)後、一時山名持豊(やまなもちとよ)(宗全(そうぜん))が入ったこともあるが、1545年(天文14)小寺氏が御著(ごちゃく)城に移ってからは、その臣黒田氏が拠(よ)っていた。1580年(天正8)に羽柴(はしば)(豊臣(とよとみ))秀吉が毛利(もうり)氏との戦いの拠点として本格的に改修し、三層の天守閣を築いた。これが現在の姫路城の始めである。天守閣解体修理のとき、現在の大天守の石垣の中から一回り小さい石垣が発見され、秀吉時代の天守閣が同じ位置にあったことが確認されている。しかし、今日みるような建物が建てられ、現在のような規模に拡張されたのはもうすこしあとで、1600年(慶長5)池田輝政(てるまさ)が姫路に入ってからであった。輝政は徳川家康の女婿ということもあり、播磨のほかに備前(びぜん)、淡路(あわじ)を領する大々名として本格的な近世城郭に大改修することを計画した。入封の翌1601年に着工し、9年の歳月をかけて完成したものである。城の曲輪(くるわ)配置は本丸、二の丸、三の丸、西の丸などからなり、内郭、中郭にそれぞれ堀を巡らして螺旋(らせん)形に配しているのが特徴といえる。天守閣をはじめ櫓(やぐら)、門など往時の建造物がほとんど残っており、日本一の城郭遺構で、築城技術がもっとも進歩した慶長(けいちょう)時代の逸品といえる。天守閣の完成したのは1609年で、そのあと1617年(元和3)に池田光政(みつまさ)が鳥取へ転封し、桑名(くわな)より本多忠政(ほんだただまさ)が入り、さらに松平(奥平)、松平(結城(ゆうき))、榊原(さかきばら)、松平(結城)、本多、榊原、松平(結城)と入れ替わり、1749年(寛延2)酒井忠恭(ただずみ)が前橋より転封され、以後明治維新まで世襲した。 姫路城の建造物は、わが国にある城の建造物としては群を抜いて多く、国宝として大小天守4棟と渡櫓(わたりやぐら)4棟、重要文化財として櫓16棟、渡櫓11棟、門15棟、塀32棟がそれぞれ指定を受けている。天守閣は連立式で、大天守、西小天守、乾(いぬい)小天守、東小天守の大小四つからなり、とくに大天守は、高さが33メートルにも及び、外観5層、内部7階の大規模なもので、現存天守としては最大規模を誇っている。国宝および重要文化財として指定されているものに、折廻(おりまわし)櫓、井郭(いぐるわ)櫓、帯の櫓、帯郭(おびぐるわ)櫓、太鼓櫓、化粧櫓のほか、イロハの記号がつけられた渡櫓および櫓があり、また、二の丸大手門である菱(ひし)の門をはじめ、いろはの記号がつけられた門もたくさんある。そのうち、「るの門」はトンネル式の埋門(うずみもん)である。 西の丸にある通称「百間廊下」は、他の城にみられない独特のもので、化粧櫓を起点とし、ヌ、ル、ヲ、ワの櫓と、カ、ヨ、タ、レの渡櫓を連ねたもので、単なる廊下ではなく、廊下の内側に20余の部屋ができているのが特徴である。1993年(平成5)、姫路城は世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。 [小和田哲男] [参照項目] | | |1580年(天正8)に羽柴秀吉(豊臣秀吉)が本格的に改修し、1601年(慶長6)から1609年にかけて池田輝政によって拡張され、現在の姿になった。白亜の総塗籠で、白鷺城の別名をもつ。国宝 世界文化遺産「姫路城」(1993年登録) 兵庫県姫路市©Shogakukan"> 姫路城 ©Shogakukan"> 姫路城の平面図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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