American astronomer. Discoverer of the law of galactic speed and distance. Born in Missouri. His father was an insurance businessman. After graduating from the University of Chicago Law School in 1910, he went on to Oxford University, and returned to Japan in 1913 to become a lawyer. In 1914, he became interested in astronomy, trained at Yerkes Observatory, and obtained his degree from the University of Chicago in 1917. By chance, he went to France as an officer during World War I, and after the war, he was hired at Mount Wilson Observatory on the recommendation of his mentor, Hale. At first, he devoted himself to observing variable stars, novae, and gas nebulae using a dedicated 60-inch (1.52-meter) reflector, but in 1923, he identified Cepheid variable stars in a spiral galaxy using a 100-inch (2.54-meter) telescope, and measured their distances by applying the luminosity period relationship, revealing that they were all extragalactic star groups. He accumulated a wealth of observational data on galaxies, and classified them into spiral, elliptical, and amorphous types, but did not delve deeply into their evolutionary considerations. His major discovery was confirming the tendency of the recession speed of these galaxies. Slipher and others had already measured the recession speed from the redshift of spectral lines by applying Doppler's principle, but in 1929 Hubble discovered that it was proportional to the distance of the galaxy. This "Hubble's Law" is the observational basis for the theory of the expansion of the universe. After World War II, he was put in charge of the 200-inch mirror at Mount Palomar Observatory, and received honors from academic societies and universities around the world. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの天文学者。銀河の速度・距離法則の発見者。ミズーリ州生まれ。保険事業家を父とし、シカゴ大学法科を1910年に卒業後、オックスフォード大学に進学、1913年帰国、弁護士となる。1914年天文学に興味を抱き、ヤーキス天文台で修業し、1917年シカゴ大学から学位を取得。たまたま第一次世界大戦で、従軍将校としてフランスに渡り、戦後、恩師ヘールの推薦でウィルソン山天文台に就職した。当初は60インチ(1.52メートル)反射鏡を専用して変光星、新星、ガス星雲の観測に精進したが、100インチ(2.54メートル)望遠鏡により1923年に渦状銀河中にケフェウス型変光星を確認し、光度周期関係を適用してそれらの距離を測定、いずれも銀河系外の恒星集団であることを明らかにした。銀河の観測データを豊かに蓄えて、銀河の類型を渦状のほかに楕円(だえん)状、無定形に分類したが、あえてその進化論的考察には深入りしなかった。重大な発見はそれらの銀河の後退速度の傾向を確認したことである。ドップラーの原理を適用して、すでにスライファーらによってスペクトル線の赤方偏移から後退速度が測定されていたが、ハッブルはそれが銀河の距離に比例する事実を1929年に発見した。この「ハッブルの法則」は宇宙膨張論の観測的資料として基礎づけられている。第二次世界大戦後、パロマ山天文台の200インチ鏡の責任者となり、各国の学会・大学から栄誉を受けた。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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