White blood cells

Japanese: 白血球 - はっけっきゅう
White blood cells

One of the formed elements contained in blood. There are 6,000 to 8,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood, which is about 500 to 1,000 times fewer red blood cells than normal. However, there are many types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, acidophils, and basophils, which are granular white blood cells with granules in the cytoplasm, and lymphocytes and monocytes, which are agranular white blood cells. Of these, neutrophils account for about 60% of the total, and lymphocytes account for 30%. White blood cells function to defend the body. Their primary function is to phagocytose invading bacteria and foreign substances. For this reason, white blood cells must reach their destination by amoeba movement. This property is called migration, and neutrophils are particularly good at it. On the other hand, mononuclear cells have a slower migration rate, but their ability to phagocytose bacteria is 10 times that of neutrophils. Therefore, the former are characterized by their high proliferation during acute infections, while the latter are characterized by their high proliferation during chronic infections. The second function of white blood cells is the body's defense function through immunity. This is due to the function of lymphocytes. Among them, T lymphocytes (T cells) and NK cells attack direct invaders and virus-infected cells through cellular immunity. On the other hand, B lymphocytes (B cells) neutralize the effects of bacteria and toxins by producing immunoglobulins. There are five types of immunoglobulins: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Thus, white blood cells are an important component in defending the body, so if the white blood cell count falls below 5,000 per cubic millimeter, it becomes a dangerous condition. In particular, in the case of granulocytopenia, if the white blood cell count falls below 2,000, the body's resistance is extremely weakened and the mortality rate increases. It is difficult to accurately measure the lifespan of white blood cells because they rapidly leave the blood vessels and enter the tissues; however, it is generally estimated that the lifespan of granular white blood cells is around 10 days, that of most lymphocytes is 100-200 days, and that of some is 3-4 days.

[Yoshiyuki Honda]

[References] | Blood | Immunity | Immunoglobulins | Lymphocytes

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

血液中に含まれる有形成分の一つ。白血球の数は血液1立方ミリメートル当り6000~8000個で、赤血球数の500ないし1000分の1ほどである。しかし、その種類は豊富で、原形質内に顆粒(かりゅう)をもった顆粒白血球として中性好性、酸好性、塩基好性白血球があり、無顆粒白血球としてリンパ球、単核細胞がある。そのうち、中性好性白血球(好中球)が全体の約60%、リンパ球が30%を占める。白血球の働きは生体の防御作用にある。その作用の第一は、侵入した細菌、異物などを貪食(どんしょく)することである。このため、白血球は目的の場所までアメーバ運動によって到達しなければならない。この性質を遊走性といい、中性好性白血球がとくに優れている。一方、単核細胞は遊走性は鈍いが、細菌を貪食する力は中性好性白血球の10倍もある。したがって、前者は急性、後者は慢性感染のときによく増えるという特徴がある。第二の白血球の働きは、免疫による生体の防御作用である。これはリンパ球の働きによる。そのうちTリンパ球(T細胞)とNK細胞は細胞免疫によって、直接侵入した外敵やウイルス感染した細胞を攻撃する。一方、Bリンパ球(B細胞)は免疫グロブリンをつくることによって、細菌、毒素などの作用を無力化する。免疫グロブリンにはIgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgEの5種類がある。このように、白血球は生体を防衛するうえでたいせつな成分であるから、白血球数が1立方ミリメートル当り5000以下になると危険な状態となる。とくに、顆粒白血球減少症の場合、2000以下となると身体の抵抗が極度に衰え、死亡率が高くなる。白血球は、血管内からどんどん組織に出ていくため、その寿命を正確に測定することは困難であるが、一般には、顆粒白血球で10日前後、リンパ球の大部分は100~200日、一部は3~4日と推定されている。

[本田良行]

[参照項目] | 血液 | 免疫 | 免疫グロブリン | リンパ球

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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