Hachioji Sennin Doshin

During the Edo period, this group of samurai, centered around a group of 1,000 heads of local warriors, was indigenous to the area around Hachioji in Tama County, Musashi Province (Hachioji City, Tokyo). In 1590 (Tensho 18), when the Tokugawa clan entered the Kanto region, the group was formed around the heads of the shogunate vassals of the Takeda clan in Kai, and was responsible for guarding the borders of Koshu and maintaining public order. At first, the group numbered 250, then 500, and after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 (Keicho 5), it was expanded to 10 groups of 100 people each, for a total of 1,000 people, under the command of 10 hatamoto. They were placed under the control of the Yaribugyo (spear magistrate) instead of the Roju (senior councilors), and each of the 1,000 headmen was given a fief of 200 to 500 koku, and the Hiradoshin (police officers) were given a stipend of 13 straw bales each. In peacetime, they stayed in the villages and worked as farmers, preparing for a possible emergency under the shogunate. From 1652 (Shoo 1) until the end of the Edo period, they served as firefighters in Nikko, and during the Kansei (1789-1801) and Ansei (1854-60) periods, some of them worked on the development of Ezochi (Ezo region). Many of the police officers and group leaders were intellectuals, and contributed to the local culture and industrial development around Nikko and Hachioji, and at the end of the Edo period they came under the control of the magistrate of the military education ministry, and in 1866 (Keio 2) they came under the rank of the magistrate of the army and were renamed the Hachioji Sennin-tai. They accompanied the second Choshu expedition, but were disbanded with the fall of the shogunate, and either migrated to Sunpu or returned to farming in the Tama region near Edo.

[Nao Murakami]

"Murakami Nao (ed.), "Hachioji Sennin Doshin Historical Materials" (1975, Yuzankaku Publishing)" ▽ "Murakami Nao (ed.), "Edo Shogunate Sennin Doshin Historical Materials" (1982, Bunken Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸時代、武蔵(むさし)国多摩(たま)郡八王子（東京都八王子市）の周辺に土着していた千人頭(がしら)を中心とした郷士の集団。1590年（天正18）徳川氏の関東入国を機に甲斐(かい)の武田旧臣小人頭(こびとがしら)を中核に構成され、甲州の国境警備と治安維持の任にあたった。初め250人、ついで500人となり、1600年（慶長5）関ヶ原の戦いを機として100人ずつ10組、計1000人に拡大され、10人の千人頭（旗本）の統率下にあった。老中支配から槍奉行(やりぶぎょう)支配下に置かれ、千人頭は200～500石の知行地(ちぎょうち)を与えられ、平(ひら)同心は13俵一人扶持(ぶち)が給され、平時は在村し本百姓(ほんびゃくしょう)として農耕に従事し、幕府の一朝有事の際に備えた。1652年（承応1）以降幕末まで日光勤番（火消役(ひけしやく)）を勤め、寛政(かんせい)（1789～1801）、安政(あんせい)期（1854～60）には一部が蝦夷地(えぞち)開拓にあたった。同心、組頭は知識人が多く、日光や八王子周辺の地方文化や産業発達に寄与し、幕末には講武所(こうぶしょ)奉行の支配下に入り、1866年（慶応2）には陸軍奉行並(なみ)の下にあって八王子千人隊と改称した。第二次長州征伐などに随行したが、幕府滅亡とともに解散し、駿府(すんぷ)方面に移住するか、江戸近郊の多摩地域で土着帰農化した。

［村上　直］

『村上直編『八王子千人同心史料』（1975・雄山閣出版）』▽『村上直編『江戸幕府千人同心史料』（1982・文献出版）』

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