In Arabic, Al-Basrah. It is the capital of the province of the same name in southeastern Iraq, and the largest city in the south of the country. It is located about 110 km inland from the mouth of the Persian Gulf, on the right bank of the Shatt al-Arab River. The city is a complex consisting of the old urban core of Basra, the modern commercial area of Ashar, the port facility of Maqir, and others. It is located in a delta region in southern Mesopotamia at an altitude of almost 0 m, and there are many canals and irrigation channels nearby. It has a coastal desert climate, and is particularly hot and humid in summer. It was built by Caliph Umar in 638 and was used as a base for the Islamization of Mesopotamia and trade with Persia. It became famous during the time of Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid dynasty, and appears in the Thousand and One Nights under the name Passora. As the Abbasid dynasty declined, the management of the canal also became poor, and the port's function declined due to silt. It was devastated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. In the 19th century, with the penetration of European civilization, steamships were introduced to the Tigris River waterway, and the city was reborn as a transshipment port between ocean-going ships and inland waterways. Especially during World War I, modern port facilities were constructed in Maqil by the British, and the city developed as a gateway between Mesopotamia and India. Even after World War II, the facilities continued to be developed. The surrounding area is a world-famous producer of dates, and Basra is a distribution center and export port for them. Oil is also shipped from here. Since 1955, several development plans have been implemented, and food processing plants, spinning factories, and oil-related facilities have been established, strengthening the city's character as an industrial city. In 1987, during the Iran-Iraq War, the city was heavily damaged by Iranian bombardment. It is connected to Baghdad and Ahwaz in Iran by rail and highways, and is the starting point of the highway to Kuwait. It also has an international airport. Population: 616,700 (1985 estimate). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アラビア語では Al-Basrah。イラク南東部,同名県の県都で,同国南部では最大の都市。ペルシア湾河口から約 110km,内陸のシャットルアラブ川右岸に位置する。市街は,古い都市核であるバスラ地区,近代的な商業地帯であるアスハール地区,港湾施設であるマキール地区,その他から成る集合体である。メソポタミア南部の標高 0mに近いデルタ地帯にあり,付近には運河,用水路が多い。気候は海岸砂漠気候で,夏は特に高温多湿である。 638年にカリフ・ウマルにより建設され,メソポタミアのイスラム化と,ペルシアとの貿易の根拠地とされた。アッバース朝のハールーン・アッラシードの時代に有名になり,『千一夜物語』にはパッソラーの名で登場する。アッバース朝の衰退とともに運河の管理も悪くなり,沈泥のため港の機能も低下した。 13世紀にはモンゴルの侵入により壊滅的な打撃を受けた。 19世紀に入って,ヨーロッパ文明の浸透とともに,チグリス川の水運に蒸気船が導入され,外洋船と内陸水運との積替え港として再生した。特に第1次世界大戦中からは,イギリス人によってマキールに近代的な港湾施設が建設され,メソポタミア地方とインドとを結ぶ門戸として発展し,第2次世界大戦後も施設の整備が続けられている。周辺はナツメヤシの世界的な産地で,バスラはその集散地,輸出港である。石油もここから積出される。 1955年以降,数次にわたる開発計画によって,食品加工,紡績工場,石油関連施設が立地し,工業都市としての性格を強めた。イラン=イラク戦争中の 87年,イラン軍の砲撃により大きな被害を受けた。バグダードおよびイランのアフワーズとは鉄道,幹線道路で結ばれ,クウェートへの幹線道路の起点である。国際空港もある。人口 61万 6700 (1985推計) 。
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