Bison - bison (English spelling)

Japanese: バイソン - ばいそん(英語表記)bison
Bison - bison (English spelling)

A general term for animals in the genus Bison, family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla, class Mammalia. It is also called goat (wild cow). This genus Bison has two species: the American bison (B. bison) and the European bison (B. bonasus) . The former is found in the grasslands of North America and is often called buffalo. The latter lives in the forests of Eastern Europe. The two species have similar body shapes, but the former is slightly larger. It has a large head and a protruding back and shoulders. It stands 1.5 to 1.8 meters tall at the shoulder, 2.7 meters long, and 50 to 60 centimeters long at the tail, and can weigh up to 1,000 kilograms. Both sexes have horns, which are short and cylindrical compared to the body and curve inward. The hair is dark brown and is more abundant and longer on the forebody, while it becomes shorter and less abundant on the hindbody. In terms of diet, the former primarily feeds on grassland-dwelling herbaceous plants, while the latter primarily feeds on forest-dwelling herbaceous plants as well as tree leaves, bark, and buds. Mating season is around August to September, and after a gestation period of 267 to 285 days, they give birth between spring and early summer the following year. They give birth to one baby per litter. The newborn is 90 centimetres long and weighs around 20 kilograms, stands up about an hour after birth, and begins nursing within about three hours. The baby is slightly pale in colour and has dense fur.

In the early 19th century, American bison boasted a huge population of tens of millions across North America, but overhunting and habitat development led to a dramatic decline in their population, with only 541 remaining by 1889. However, subsequent conservation measures have led to a recovery to the current number of tens of thousands. European bison were also once widespread, stretching from Northern Europe to the forests of the Caucasus, but in 1921 they were finally extinct in the wild, with only those left in captivity in zoos and parks. However, as a result of international conservation efforts, they have succeeded in increasing in number, and there are currently attempts to reintroduce them into the wild. There are examples of captive breeding of both species in zoos in Japan. Their lifespan is 20 to 30 years.

[Shiro Nakagawa]

Folklore

For the Native Americans of the Great Plains and Woodlands of North America, the bison was often the subject of worship and rituals, as its fur and meat provided food, clothing, and shelter. It is often associated with rain, and the Shawnee people would dunk a bison's tail in water and gently shake it to pray for rain. The Hidatsa people of North Dakota would place a bison skull on an altar and offer food to pray for rain. The bison and the Bison Old Woman are well-known mythological figures among the Apache and Kiowa peoples. In the trickster tales of the coyote and the tree porcupine, which inhabit the bison's habitat, the bison is portrayed as a foolish animal.

[Yo Kojima]

American Bison
Distributed in the grasslands of North America. At one time, the population was drastically reduced due to overhunting, but subsequent conservation policies have led to a recovery to tens of thousands of individuals. Both males and females have horns. Also known as the American goat. Head and body length is about 270 cm, shoulder height is about 150 cm, and weight is about 700 kg. ©Shogakukan ">

American Bison

European Bison
Distributed in forested areas of Eastern Europe. It was on the brink of extinction in the 1920s, but thanks to international breeding efforts, its numbers are now recovering. Both males and females have horns. Also known as the European goat. Head and body length 220-300cm, shoulder height 140-200cm, weight 430-1000kg ©Shogakukan ">

European Bison


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)綱偶蹄(ぐうてい)目ウシ科バイソン属に含まれる動物の総称。ヤギュウ(野牛)ともいう。この属Bisonには、アメリカバイソンB. bisonおよびヨーロッパバイソンB. bonasusの2種がある。前者は北アメリカの草原地帯に分布し、バッファローの名でよばれることも多い。後者は東ヨーロッパの森林地帯にすむ。体形は両種とも類似しているが、前者がやや大きい。頭部が大きく、背中から肩の部分が隆起している。肩高で1.5~1.8メートル、体長2.7メートル、尾長50~60センチメートル、体重は1000キログラムに達する。角(つの)は雌雄ともにあるが、体に比較して短く円筒形で、内方に湾曲する。体毛は暗褐色で、前躯(ぜんく)に多くて長く、後躯では短く少なくなる。食性は、前者が草原にすみ草本類の植物を主食するのに対し、後者は森林にすみ草本類のほか樹葉、樹皮、木の芽などを好食する。交尾期は8~9月ごろで、267~285日の妊娠期間を経て、翌年の春から初夏にかけて出産する。1産1子。生まれた子は体長90センチメートル、体重20キログラムほどで、生後1時間ほどで起立し、3時間ほどで哺乳をする。子はやや淡色で、毛が密である。

 19世紀初期、アメリカバイソンは北アメリカ全土に数千万頭という膨大な生息数を誇っていたが、乱獲と生息地の開発によって激減し、1889年にはわずかに541頭を残すのみとなった。しかし、その後の保護策によって、現在では数万頭に回復している。ヨーロッパバイソンも、かつては北ヨーロッパからカフカスの森林まで広く分布していたが、1921年にはついに野生のものは絶滅し、動物園や公園に飼育されているものを残すのみとなった。しかし、国際的な保護活動の結果、増殖に成功し、現在では野生復帰の試みもなされている。両種とも、わが国の動物園で飼育繁殖例がある。寿命は20~30年である。

[中川志郎]

民俗

北アメリカの大草原地域、森林地域の先住民にとって、毛皮と食肉で衣食住すべてにわたる供給を支えたがゆえに、バイソンはしばしば信仰や儀礼の対象になった。雨と結び付いていることが多く、ショーニー人は、バイソンの尾を少し水につけ、静かに揺すって雨を祈る。ノース・ダコタのヒダツァ人は、バイソンの頭蓋骨(ずがいこつ)を祭壇に置き、食物を供えて雨乞(あまご)いをした。また、アパッチ人やカイオワ人などでは、バイソンとバイソンの老女は、よく知られた神話の人物である。バイソンの生息地域に分布するコヨーテとキノボリヤマアラシのトリックスター(ずる賢い者)物語では、バイソンは愚かな動物として語られている。

[小島瓔]

アメリカバイソン
北アメリカの草原に分布。一時乱獲などによって激減したが、その後の保護政策により数万頭に回復した。雌雄ともに角がある。別名アメリカヤギュウ。頭胴長約270cm、肩高約150cm、体重約700kg©Shogakukan">

アメリカバイソン

ヨーロッパバイソン
東ヨーロッパの森林地帯に分布。1920年代に絶滅の危機に頻したが、国際的な増殖活動によりその数は回復しつつある。雌雄ともに角がある。別名ヨーロッパヤギュウ。頭胴長220~300cm、肩高140~200cm、体重430~1000kg©Shogakukan">

ヨーロッパバイソン


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