Delegation - Inin

Japanese: 委任 - いにん
Delegation - Inin

A contract is formed when one person (principal) entrusts another person (agent) with handling certain affairs, such as filing a lawsuit on one's behalf, and the other party agrees to this (Civil Code, Articles 643 to 656). In the Civil Code, when an affair is a legal act, it is called delegation (Civil Code, Article 643), and when an affair is not a legal act (such as inspecting accounting books), it is called quasi-delegation (Civil Code, Article 656). However, the provisions on delegation apply mutatis mutandis to legal treatment, so there is no practical benefit to distinguishing between the two. There are other contracts for providing labor, such as employment and contracting, but this is different from employment in that the agent does not simply provide labor, but handles affairs relatively freely at his or her own discretion within the specified scope, and it is different from contracting in that the purpose is not the completion of the work, but the handling of the affairs itself. In general, delegation is often more highly mentally laborious. Examples of this include entrusting a real estate agent with selling real estate, asking a lawyer to sue, and entrusting a doctor with medical treatment. The relationship between a company and its directors, and between a public interest corporation and its directors, is also considered to be delegation.

In principle, delegation is free of charge (Article 648, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code), but if there is a special agreement, it can be for a fee, and in many cases, it should be interpreted as for a fee based on custom or implied intention (such as when delegating a case to a lawyer or entrusting treatment to a doctor). The agent is obligated to handle affairs with the "care of a good manager" (the level of care that an ordinary person would have) (Article 644 of the same code). If he or she violates this duty of care and causes damage to the agent, he or she is liable for damages. There are many examples of this, such as lawsuits for medical malpractice. In addition, since it is based on a fiduciary relationship, the agent should, in principle, handle affairs himself or herself and cannot have someone else do it for him or her. The delegation can be terminated at any time, but if it is terminated at a time that is disadvantageous to the other party, the agent must compensate for damages unless there are unavoidable circumstances (Article 651 of the same code). In many cases, the agent is given the power of attorney. In such cases, a power of attorney is usually issued to the agent. In addition, the power of attorney will terminate upon the death, bankruptcy, or commencement of guardianship of the agent or the principal (Article 653 of the same Act).

In addition, when an administrative agency delegates part of the affairs that fall under its authority to another administrative agency, this is called delegation of authority, and the delegated affairs are exercised by the entrusted agency as its own authority under the law. Therefore, since the distribution of authority under the law changes, the delegation of authority requires a legal basis.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa]

[Reference item] | Entrustment | Commissioned work | Power of attorney | Contract | Employment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自分にかわって訴訟をしてほしいなど、ある人(委任者)が他の人(受任者)に一定の事務を処理してくれるよう委託し、相手方がこれを承諾することによって成立する契約をいう(民法643条~656条)。民法では、事務が法律行為である場合を委任とよび(同法643条)、法律行為でない事務の委託(たとえば会計帳簿の検査)を準委任とよんでいるが(同法656条)、法律上の取扱いは委任の規定が準用されるので、区別の実益はない。労務を提供する契約としてほかに雇用や請負があるが、受任者が単に労務を提供するだけでなく、定められた範囲内では、自らの裁量で比較的自由に事務を処理する点で雇用と区別され、仕事の完成という結果ではなく、事務処理そのものが目的となっている点で請負と異なる。一般に委任のほうが高度な精神的労働である場合が多い。不動産仲介業者に不動産の売却を委託する場合、弁護士に訴訟を依頼する場合、医師に診療をゆだねる場合などがこれにあたる。また、会社と取締役、公益法人と理事の関係も委任とされている。

 委任は原則として無償とされている(民法648条1項)が、特約があれば有償とすることもできるし、また、慣習や黙示の意思表示で有償と解すべき場合が多い(弁護士に事件を委任したり、医師に治療をゆだねたりする場合など)。受任者は「善良な管理者の注意」(普通の人がもっている程度の注意)をもって事務処理にあたる義務を負う(同法644条)。この注意義務に背いて委任者に損害を与えたときは、損害賠償の責任を負う。医療過誤の訴訟などその例が多い。また、信任関係を基礎としているので、受任者は原則として自ら事務を処理すべきであり、だれかにかわってさせることはできない。委任はいつでも解除できるが、相手に不利な時期に解除したときは、やむをえない事情があった場合でない限り、損害を賠償しなければならない(同法651条)。受任者には代理権が与えられる場合が多い。その場合には、受任者に委任状が交付されるのが普通である。また、委任者または受任者の死亡、破産、受任者についての後見開始により委任は終了する(同法653条)。

 なお、行政庁がその権限に属する事務の一部を他の行政庁に委任することを権限の委任といい、委任された事務は法律上、受任庁が自己の権限として行使する。したがって、法令上の権限の分配に変更を生じるため、権限の委任には法令上の根拠が必要である。

[高橋康之・野澤正充]

[参照項目] | 委託 | 委任事務 | 委任状 | 請負 | 雇用

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Delegated affairs - Ininjimu

>>:  Enuresis - Enuresis

Recommend

Wang Chen-er

A Baekje immigrant in the late 6th century. He wa...

Cantor, Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp

Born: March 3, 1845, Petersburg [Died] January 6, ...

Pseudoplasmodium

…The cells are eukaryotic and heterotrophic, but ...

Andersen, H.

… [Speed ​​skating] The three Nordic countries of...

Chow Chow (English spelling)

A guard dog originating from China (illustration)....

The Casta War - The Casta War

An Indian rebellion led by the Maya that swept acr...

Prampolini, E.

...But what is most important is that they remove...

Leatherback turtle

A turtle of the family Dermatidae in the order Te...

Floating exchange rate system

An exchange rate system in which exchange rates a...

partition function

...a function that plays an important role in sta...

Gaun Tacchi - Gaun Tacchi

Spinning engineer and inventor of the Gara spinni...

Via Clodia (English)

...extending to Florence and Mutina. (9) Via Clod...

Wartburg, Walther von

Born: May 18, 1888, Solothurn, Rietholz Died: Augu...

Resource allocation

Economic factors involved in production activitie...

Galeola

…A large saprophytic orchid that lives symbiotica...