Thread

Japanese: 糸 - いと
Thread

It is made by aligning various fibers in a certain direction, stretching them to the required thickness, and then twisting them appropriately to achieve the required quality, and processing them to maintain uniform strength and elongation. It is a material that is used widely in a wide range of applications, such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, strings, and sewing threads. Yarns are broadly divided into spun yarns made in the spinning process and filament yarns made in the spinning process, depending on the manufacturing method, and are further subdivided by the type of fiber raw material and the spinning method. Also, depending on the construction method of the yarn, it can be divided into single yarn, two-ply yarn, three-ply yarn, and decorative yarn, and depending on the processing method, it can be divided into mercerized yarn, imitation wool yarn, imitation linen yarn, woven yarn, knitted yarn, knitted yarn, etc.

The production of spun yarn dates back to the Paleolithic period, when humans tore and joined together fibers from vines, bark, grasses, and other plants to form long continuous strands for use as body decorations and string clothing. The use of spun yarn is conveyed in the figures depicted in the Tassili Cave ruins in North Africa. However, due to natural limitations of the fibers themselves, they were processed to tear them into appropriate lengths and intertwined (called "spinning") at both ends to form long continuous strands. The use of fibers also extended to the animal kingdom, where relatively long animal fibers were used, such as wild silkworms (mountain silkworms) that parasitize evergreen broad-leaved trees, spider silk, and even human hair. Then, as animals were domesticated, wool with short fibers and wild silkworms that were domesticated began to be used. The short fibers had to be thoroughly loosened, then aligned with a brush or comb, and twisted to achieve sufficient strength. For this reason, people twisted the thread by rubbing it between their hands and knees or their fingertips, but they could not obtain a sufficiently uniform thread. Then, a method was developed called a spindle wheel, in which an axle was passed through a disk-shaped object made of wood, bone, or clay, and the thread was tied to one end of the spindle wheel and rotated in the air to twist the thread. In Japan, Jomon impressions can be found on Jomon pottery and clay figurines, but since no spindle wheels have been excavated, it seems that the twisting was done by hand. The impressions show not only a single twisted cord, but also three or four strands of cord, and some people have inferred that the people wore corded clothing based on the patterns on the clay figurines. Spindle wheels have been excavated from Yayoi period ruins, but in order to develop the material into nets, knitted fabrics, and woven fabrics, further improvements in spinning technology and the introduction of weaving technology were necessary. There are still tribes around the world that only have a knitting culture, such as the New Guinea highlanders. In Japan, the "handle spinning" method, in which the spindle is rubbed on a table to rotate it, was common from ancient times to the Middle Ages, but at the end of the Middle Ages, spinning wheels were imported from China, and spinning efficiency improved significantly. Also, the eight-claw spinning wheel, which produces strong twisted yarn for crepe, was invented at the end of the Edo period. Silkworm silk does not need to be twisted because it is a long fiber, but in the early modern period, it was all twisted to a certain degree, which increased its unique luster. The Industrial Revolution that began in the late 18th century brought about groundbreaking inventions in spinning machines, and the mule and ring spinning machines enabled mass production and the production of thread of uniform quality. In Japan, without relying on Western technology, Gaun Tacchi invented gara spinning (Japanese spinning). Furthermore, the invention of chemical and synthetic fibers produced filament yarn to replace silk, and the modern textile industry was established through rapid development. Currently, we have completed an integrated continuous processing system that handles the entire production process from raw cotton to yarn, and are on the path to streamlining and updating our manufacturing facilities.

A moderate number of twists is required to maintain the performance of the yarn. The twist direction is divided into right (S) twist and left (Z) twist, but it is not consistent depending on the type of fiber and the weaving and finishing method. Primitive hand spinning methods have a uniform direction for each region, but in Japan, right twist has been a characteristic since the Yayoi period, but modern machine spinning generally uses left twist. The number of twists is related to the strength and elongation of the fabric and the texture, so it is usually determined according to the thickness of the thread, but for special knitted threads, soft twist threads with less twist are used, and for crepe, strong twist threads are used. When this twist is applied to a single thread, it becomes a single-twisted thread, and when several threads are twisted together, it becomes a multiple-twisted thread. In addition, depending on the order of twisting, it is distinguished as under-twisted or over-twisted.

The thickness of thread is determined based on a certain weight or length as a standard, but varies depending on the type of thread and customary circumstances.

(1) The constant weight method is mainly used for cotton yarn and synthetic yarn, and the yarn count is the unit length of the yarn relative to its standard weight. For example, a thread weighing 1 pound (about 0.45 kilograms) and 840 yards (about 768 meters) long is count 1, while a thread of the same weight and 1,680 yards long is count 2, and the higher the count, the thinner the thread. Wool and linen yarn have different standard weights and unit lengths.

(2) The denier by the constant length method is mainly used for long fibers such as raw silk and nylon, and is expressed as the unit weight contained in the weight of the standard length. For example, a standard length of 450 meters with a unit weight of 0.05 grams is considered to be 1 denier, so the weight of 9000 meters in grams is the denier.

[Kadoyama Yukihiro]

Main types of decorative thread
©Shogakukan ">

Main types of decorative thread


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

各種の繊維を一定の方向にそろえ、適当な必要とする細さに引き伸ばしたのち、必要とする品質のために適当な撚(よ)りをかけ、均一な強伸度を保つように加工したもの。織物、編物、紐(ひも)、縫い糸など、広い範囲に使われる材料として主要な位置を占めている。糸は、大別して製造方法により、紡績工程からつくられる紡績糸(スパン・ヤーン)と、紡糸工程から生まれる繊条糸(フィラメント・ヤーン)に分けられ、さらに繊維原料の種類、紡績方法などにより細分される。また糸の構成方法により、単糸、双糸(双子糸)、三子糸、飾り糸や、加工方法により、シルケット糸、擬毛糸、擬麻糸や、織糸、メリヤス糸、編み糸などに分けられる。

 紡績糸の製作は、旧石器時代にまでさかのぼり、人類はつる、樹皮、草皮などの繊維を裂いてつなぎ合わせて長い連続体とし、身体の装飾や紐衣(ちゅうい)として使用した。北アフリカ、タッシリの洞窟(どうくつ)遺跡に描かれた人物などには、その使用状況が伝えられている。しかし繊維自体には自然的制約があるため、これを加工して適当な細さに裂き、両端を絡み合わせ(績(う)むという)、長い連続体とした。繊維の利用は動物界にも及び、比較的長い動物繊維が使われ、照葉樹に寄生する野蚕(やさん)(山蚕)やクモの糸、人間の毛髪までが利用された。そして動物の家畜化が進行すると、繊維の短い羊毛や、野蚕を家蚕化して利用されだした。短繊維はよくほぐしたのち、刷毛(はけ)、櫛(くし)などを使って繊維をそろえ、十分な強度を出すために撚りをかけることが必要であった。このため手と膝(ひざ)、手の指先で擦り合わせて撚っていたが、十分な均一糸が得られなかった。ついで、紡錘車とよぶ木、骨、土製の円盤状のものに軸を通し、その一端に糸をくくり空中で回転させて撚る方法が生まれた。日本では縄文時代の土器や土偶に縄文の圧痕(あっこん)がみられるが、まだ紡錘車の出土をみないことから、手で撚りをかけたらしい。圧痕には1本の撚り紐だけでなく、三つ組み、四つ組みの紐もあり、また土偶の文様から紐衣をつけていたと推定するものもある。弥生(やよい)時代の遺跡からは紡錘車が出土しているが、糸を材料として網、編物、織物へ発展するためには、さらに紡績技術の向上と製織技術が導入されねばならなかった。ニューギニア高地人のように、現在なお編物文化しかもたない種族も、まだ世界各地にみられる。日本では、紡錘を台上でこすり合わせ回転を与える「手すりつむ」が、古代から中世にかけて一般に行われたが、中世末には中国から紡車が舶載されて紡績の能率は著しく向上し、また縮緬(ちりめん)のための強撚糸(きょうねんし)をつくる撚糸八丁車(はっちょうぐるま)も幕末には発明された。蚕糸は長繊維であるため撚りをかける必要はなかったが、近世にはすべて一定の撚りがかけられることになり、独特の光沢を増加させた。18世紀後半に始まる産業革命は、紡績機械に画期的発明をもたらし、ミュール・リング紡績機などにより大量生産化と均一な品質の糸を生産した。また日本では西欧の技術に依存せずに、臥雲辰致(がうんたっち)によりガラ紡(和紡績)が発明されている。さらに化学繊維・合成繊維の発明は、絹にかわる繊条糸を生み出し、飛躍的発展によって近代繊維工業は確立した。現在では綿花から糸まで生産が連続している一貫連続処理装置が完成し、製造設備の合理化と更新への道を歩んでいる。

 糸の撚りは、その性能を維持するため適度の撚り回数が必要である。撚り方向は右(S)撚りと左(Z)撚りに分けられるが、繊維の種類や製織、仕上げ方法の違いによって一定していない。原始的手紡法では地域的に統一した方向をとるが、日本では右撚りが弥生時代からの特徴であったが、近代的機械紡績では一般に左撚りのものが多い。撚り回数は、織物の強伸度や風合いとも関係するので、普通糸の太さに応じて決められるが、特殊なメリヤス糸などには撚りの少ない甘撚り糸、縮緬などには強撚糸(こわより糸)を使う。この撚りを単糸にかけたものが片撚り糸で、いく本も撚り合わせると諸(もろ)撚り糸となる。またその撚りかけの順序によって、下(した)撚り、上(うわ)撚りと区別している。

 糸の太さは、一定の重量または長さを標準として決められているが、糸の種類や慣習的事情により異なる。

(1)恒重式による番手は、おもに綿糸、化繊糸などに使われ、標準重量に対する糸の単位長をその糸の番手としている。たとえば重さ1ポンド(約0.45キログラム)で長さ840ヤード(約768メートル)の糸を1番手とし、同じ重量で1680ヤードの糸は2番手となり、番手数が多くなると糸は細くなる。毛糸、麻糸では、この標準重量、単位長が異なる。

(2)恒長式によるデニールは、おもに長繊維の生糸、ナイロンなどに使われ、標準長の重量中に含まれる単位重量の数値で表す。たとえば標準長450メートルで単位重量0.05グラムのものを1デニールとするので、9000メートルの重量をグラムで表す数値がデニールとなる。

[角山幸洋]

飾り糸のおもな種類
©Shogakukan">

飾り糸のおもな種類


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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