Monotheism - Isshinkyo

Japanese: 一神教 - いっしんきょう
Monotheism - Isshinkyo

Unlike polytheism, which worships multiple gods, monotheism is a religion that preaches faith in only one God. Examples include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and early Zoroastrianism. Although monotheism worships only one god, it can be further classified into monotheism, monolatry, henotheism, and kathenotheism depending on the way of worship and the concept of God. Monotheism in the narrow sense refers to monotheism.

In monotheism, the God worshipped is the only God who rules over all things, and other gods are not tolerated as they are. In the history of religion, other gods are often demoted to spirits rather than gods, or lose their substance and become attributes of the one God. Such monotheism has an exclusive aspect that treats other teachings as heretical, and an inclusive aspect that the blessings of the one God extend to all people. Therefore, monotheism has a tendency to spread its teachings outward. The religions listed at the beginning are examples of this. Worshipping monotheism is a religious form in which a specific social group (tribe, nation, city, etc.) worships only one specific god while tolerating other gods worshiped by other groups. This was the early worship of Yahweh in ancient Israel. Monotheism is a religious phenomenon in which a specific god is worshiped as the main god in a polytheistic world, and it appears as if that god is the one and only supreme god. In this case, in particular, religions in which a single main god is worshipped in succession are called alternating monotheism.

There are several explanations for the formation of monotheism, especially monotheism. Some say it developed from polytheism, others say that monotheism was already present as the original form of religion and polytheism is a degenerate form of it (primitive monotheism theory), and still others say that monotheism began with a founder. Of these, the first two theories are not widely supported today.

[Tsukimoto Akio]

"Hideo Kishimoto (ed.), "World Religions" (1965, Daimeido) " "Modern Religious Studies" (ed.), J.M. Kitagawa (ed.), supervised translation by Ichiro Hori (1970, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Polytheism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

複数の神々を崇拝する多神教と異なり、一つの神のみを信ずる信仰を説く宗教のこと。ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教、初期のゾロアスター教などに代表される。一神のみを崇拝するといっても、その崇拝の仕方や神観念の相違によって、一神教はさらに唯一神教monotheism、拝一神教monolatry、単一神教henotheism、交替一神教kathenotheismなどに分類される。狭義の一神教とは唯一神教のことである。

 唯一神教においては、崇拝される神が万物を支配する唯一の神であり、他の神々はそのままでは容認されない。宗教史的にみれば、他の神々は神ではなく諸霊として格下げされたり、その実体を失って唯一神の属性的存在となる場合が多い。このような唯一神教には、他の教えを邪教とする排他的な面と、すべての人々に唯一神の恩恵が及ぶという包容ある側面とがある。そこで唯一神教は外に向かって教えを広めようとする宣教の傾向をもつ。始めにあげた各宗教がこれにあたる。拝一神教とは、特定の社会集団(部族、民族、都市など)が、他集団の崇拝する他の神は容認しつつ、自らは特定の一神のみを崇拝する宗教形態である。古代イスラエルの初期ヤーウェ崇拝はこれであった。単一神教は、多神教の世界において、特定の一神を主要神として集中的に崇拝するもので、あたかもその神が唯一至上神であるかのようにみえる宗教現象である。この場合とくに、単一の主要神を次々と交替させて崇拝するものを交替一神教とよぶ。

 一神教、とくに唯一神教の成立についてはいくつかの説明がある。多神教から発展したとする説、宗教の原初形態としてすでに一神教があり、多神教はその退化した形態とみる説(原始一神教説)、一神教は創唱者によって始まるとする説などである。このうち始めの2説は今日あまり支持されていない。

[月本昭男]

『岸本英夫編『世界の宗教』(1965・大明堂)』『J・M・キタガワ編、堀一郎監訳『現代の宗教学』(1970・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 多神教

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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