Battery - denchi (English spelling) battery

Japanese: 電池 - でんち(英語表記)battery
Battery - denchi (English spelling) battery

It can be defined as a power generating device that directly converts the energy released by changes in a material system into electrical energy. A battery that utilizes the Gibbs free energy change accompanying the chemical change of the system (when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure, its internal energy changes, and the part of that change that can be converted into work) is called a chemical battery, a physical battery that utilizes a physical change, and a biological battery (biochemical battery) that utilizes a biological or biochemical change. Chemical batteries are often simply called batteries. Physical batteries and biological batteries are sometimes collectively called special batteries.

The prototype of today's chemical battery is said to be the Voltaic cell, which Volta created in 1800 when he immersed zinc and copper plates in dilute sulfuric acid and succeeded in extracting electricity.

A chemical battery basically consists of two electrodes, an electrolyte, and a membrane. When the battery is discharged, the electrode where the oxidation reaction proceeds and the resulting electrons flow out to the external circuit is called the negative electrode, and the electrode where the reduction reaction proceeds and electrons flow in from the external circuit is called the positive electrode. The chemical substances involved in the electromotive reactions at the negative and positive electrodes are called the negative and positive electrode active materials, respectively.

When displaying a chemical battery, the negative electrode where the oxidation reaction occurs during discharge is written on the left side, and the positive electrode where the reduction reaction occurs is written on the right side. Therefore, if the reduced form of the negative active material and the oxidized form of the positive active material are N(Red) and P(Ox), respectively, then N(Red) | Electrolyte | P(Ox)
The electrode reaction is (negative electrode)
N(Red)―→N(Ox)+ne -
(Positive electrode)
P(Ox)+ ne-― →P(Red)
The battery reaction is the sum of the reactions at both electrodes: N(Red) + P(Ox) - → N(Ox) + P(Red)
is given by:

The electromotive force (open circuit voltage) of a chemical battery can be calculated from the Gibbs free energy change of the above battery reaction using the Nernst equation. However, in reality, irreversible phenomena occur, so part of the Gibbs free energy change is consumed in the form of thermal energy, and because of ohmic resistance, the battery voltage during discharge is always smaller than the electromotive force. A battery is a device that uses the discharge current that flows through an external circuit due to this battery voltage to perform electrical work.

Chemical batteries can be divided into three types according to their characteristics: primary batteries, storage batteries (secondary batteries), and fuel cells. Primary batteries use irreversible chemical reactions and can only be discharged once, while storage batteries use reversible chemical reactions and can be used repeatedly by recharging the battery by reversing the current from an external power source. Unlike primary batteries and storage batteries, which perform cell reactions in a closed system, fuel cells are batteries that continuously supply fuel (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, methanol, etc.) and oxygen (air) from the outside and directly extract the chemical energy generated by the electrochemical oxidation reaction of the fuel as electrical energy. The reaction products are continuously removed from the system.

Chemical batteries have established an important role as a power source necessary for space and marine development, as well as for small portable electronic devices. They are also used in electric and hybrid cars, as power sources for power load leveling, and as on-site power generation devices, and research and development is being actively carried out to further improve their performance, safety, and reliability.

A physical battery is a battery that is exposed to external energy such as light, heat, or radiation, and then converts the energy released when the material system that makes up the battery is brought to a high-energy state and then returned to a stable low-energy state through physical and chemical changes directly into electrical energy. These include solar cells, photochemical cells (photocells), thermal cells, and atomic cells.

A biobattery utilizes the functions of living organisms such as enzymes and microorganisms. Because it uses biological chemical reactions, it can be considered a type of chemical battery in a broad sense.

[Mitsuru Asano]

"The Science of Batteries - From Biocells to Solar Cells" by Hisashi Hashimoto (1987, Kodansha)""The Battery User's Guide" by Tsutomu Takamura and Yuichi Sato (1988, Corona Publishing)""Batteries - Their Chemistry and Materials" by Zenichiro Takehara (1988, Dainippon Tosho)""The Evolution of Batteries and Electronics - Thin, Small, High Performance" by Hironosuke Ikeda (1992, Kogyo Chosakai)""Illustrated Guide to Batteries" by Hironosuke Ikeda, Genji Takeshima, and Yoshiyuki Umeo (1996, Nihon Jitsugyo Publishing)""The Science of Batteries - The Great Supporting Player in Our Lives" by Kazuo Okada (1997, Morikita Publishing) " ▽ "Electrochemistry" by Zenpachi Ogumi (2000, Ohmsha)""Electrochemical Society, Handbook of Electrochemistry" (2000, Maruzen)""Battery Handbook" edited by the Battery Handbook Editorial Committee (2001, Maruzen)

[References] | Primary battery | Nuclear battery | Photovoltaic cell | Biological cell | Solar cell | Storage battery | Electric car | Nernst | Fuel cell | Hybrid car | Volta

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質系の変化によって放出されるエネルギーを直接電気エネルギーに変換する発電装置と定義できる。系の化学変化に伴うギブス自由エネルギー変化(物質が定温定圧下で化学反応をすると内部エネルギーが変化するが、その変化のうち仕事に変わりうる部分)を利用するものを化学電池といい、物理的変化を利用するものを物理電池、そして生物的あるいは生物化学的変化を利用するものを生物電池(生物化学電池)という。一般には化学電池を単に電池とよぶことが多い。また物理電池と生物電池などを一括して特殊電池とよぶことがある。

 今日の化学電池の原形は1800年にボルタが亜鉛板と銅板を希硫酸に浸漬(しんし)し、電力を取り出すことに成功したボルタ電池であるといわれる。

 化学電池は基本的には二つの電極と電解質および隔膜から成り立っている。電池を放電すると酸化反応が進行して生じた電子が外部回路側へ流出する電極を負極、また外部回路から電子が流入し還元反応が進む電極を正極とよんでいる。そして負極と正極での起電反応に関与する化学物質をそれぞれ負極活物質および正極活物質という。

 化学電池を表示する場合、放電時に酸化反応がおこる負極を左側に、還元反応がおこる正極を右側に書く。したがって、負極活物質の還元体と正極活物質の酸化体をそれぞれN(Red)およびP(Ox)とすると
  N(Red)|電解質|P(Ox)
で表示できる。そして電極反応は
 (負極)
  N(Red)―→N(Ox)+ne-
 (正極)
  P(Ox)+ne-―→P(Red)
と示すことができ、電池反応は両電極反応の和
  N(Red)+P(Ox)―→N(Ox)+P(Red)
によって与えられる。

 化学電池の起電力(開放電圧)は上記の電池反応のギブス自由エネルギー変化を用い、ネルンストの式から求めることができる。しかし実際には不可逆的な現象を伴うため、ギブス自由エネルギー変化の一部は熱エネルギーなどの形で消費され、オーム抵抗などもあるので、放電中の電池電圧は起電力よりつねに小さくなる。この電池電圧により外部回路に流れる放電電流を用いて電気的な仕事をさせるものが電池である。

 化学電池はその特性に応じて一次電池、蓄電池(二次電池)および燃料電池の3種類に分けることができる。一次電池は不可逆的化学反応を利用し、1回の放電しか利用できないものをいい、化学反応が可逆的で外部電源により電流を逆に流して充電すれば繰り返し使用できるものを蓄電池という。そして燃料電池は、閉じた系内で電池反応を行う一次電池や蓄電池と異なり、燃料(水素、一酸化炭素、炭化水素、メタノールなど)と酸素(空気)を外部から連続的に供給し、燃料の電気化学的酸化反応によって生じる化学エネルギーを直接電気エネルギーとして取り出す電池をさす。このとき反応生成物は連続的に系外へ除去される。

 化学電池は宇宙開発や海洋開発に必要な電源として、また小形可搬形電子機器の電源として重要な地位を確立している。そして電気自動車やハイブリッド・カー用をはじめ、電力負荷平準化用の電源、さらにオンサイト形発電装置として利用されるまでになったが、性能と安全性、信頼性のさらなる向上を目ざして研究開発が精力的に進められている。

 物理電池は外部から光や熱、放射線などのエネルギーを照射して、電池を構成する物質系のエネルギーを高い状態としたのち、物理的、化学的変化によりエネルギーの低い安定な状態に戻るときに放出するエネルギーを直接電気エネルギーに変換するものである。これらには太陽電池をはじめ、光化学電池(光電池)、熱電池、原子力電池などがある。

 生物電池は酵素や微生物のような生物の機能を利用したものである。生物による化学反応を利用しているので、広義には化学電池の一種とみなすことができよう。

[浅野 満]

『橋本尚著『電池の科学――生物電池から太陽電池まで』(1987・講談社)』『高村勉・佐藤祐一著『ユーザーのための電池読本』(1988・コロナ社)』『竹原善一郎著『電池――その化学と材料』(1988・大日本図書)』『池田宏之助著『電池の進化とエレクトロニクス――薄く・小さく・高性能』(1992・工業調査会)』『池田宏之助編著、武島源二・梅尾良之著『「図解」電池のはなし』(1996・日本実業出版社)』『岡田和夫著『電池のサイエンス――くらしをささえる名脇役』(1997・森北出版)』『小久見善八編著『電気化学』(2000・オーム社)』『電気化学会編『電気化学便覧』(2000・丸善)』『電池便覧編集委員会編『電池便覧』(2001・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 一次電池 | 原子力電池 | 光電池 | 生物電池 | 太陽電池 | 蓄電池 | 電気自動車 | ネルンスト | 燃料電池 | ハイブリッド・カー | ボルタ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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