Magnetohydrodynamics

Japanese: 電磁流体力学 - でんじりゅうたいりきがく(英語表記)magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics is also called magnetodynamics or fluid magnetism. It is a branch of fluid mechanics that studies the movement of electrically conductive fluids in electric and magnetic fields. Conductive fluids include liquid metals such as mercury and molten sodium, and ionized gases (plasmas). When the fluid is a gas, it is sometimes called magnetogasdynamics. When a conductive fluid flows through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the fluid, which in turn generates a magnetic field, and the magnetic field exerts a force on the fluid, changing the state of the flow. In this way, the movement of the fluid and the magnetic field are closely related to each other according to the laws of electromagnetism. The basic equations of magnetohydrodynamics are the equation of motion of the fluid and Maxwell's equations, and it is studied in a wide range of fields, including astrophysics, geophysics, space engineering, MHD power generation, and nuclear fusion. In astrophysics, the movement of conductive fluids in the centers of stars, the sun, and the earth, and the transverse waves (Alfven waves) that travel through them are used to discuss the origin of sunspots and celestial magnetism, the heating of the solar corona, and the origin of cosmic rays and cosmic radio waves. In space engineering, the subjects of research include plasma and ion thrust generated during re-entry of rockets and spacecraft flying at hypersonic speeds in the upper atmosphere. MHD power generation is a highly efficient power generation method that utilizes electromotive forces generated by electromagnetic induction in the flow of high-temperature plasma. In nuclear fusion, confinement of plasma by magnetic fields is an important research topic.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
磁気流体力学または流体磁気学ともいう。電気伝導性の流体が電場や磁場の中で行う運動を研究する流体力学の分野。伝導性流体には水銀や融解ナトリウムなどの液状金属や電離気体 (プラズマ) がある。流体が気体の場合には磁気気体力学と呼ばれることもある。伝導性流体が磁場の中を流れると流体中に電流が誘起され,逆にこの電流は磁場を生じ,さらに磁場から力を受けて流れの状態を変える。このように流体の運動と磁場とは電磁気学の法則に従って密接に関連し合う。電磁流体力学の基礎方程式は流体の運動方程式およびマクスウェルの方程式であり,その研究分野は天体物理学,地球物理学,宇宙工学,MHD発電,核融合など多岐にわたる。天体物理学では恒星,太陽,地球の中心などでの伝導性流体の運動や,その中を伝わる横波 (アルベーン波 ) によって太陽黒点や天体磁気の成因,太陽コロナの加熱,宇宙線や宇宙電波の起源などが論じられる。宇宙工学では高層大気中を極超音速で飛ぶロケットや宇宙飛翔体の再突入の際に発生するプラズマ,イオン推力などが研究対象である。 MHD発電は,高温プラズマの流れが電磁誘導によって発生する起電力を利用して高い効率で直接に発電しようとする発電法である。また核融合においては,プラズマの磁場による閉じ込めが重要な研究課題となっている。

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