Demosthenes

Japanese: デモステネス（英語表記）Dēmosthenēs

[Born] 384/383 BC. Athens, Paean
[Died] 322 BC. The greatest orator of ancient Greece. After studying under Isaias, he started out as a court orator, then entered politics, where he was a patriot and led the anti-Macedonian movement, encouraging his country with powerful and passionate speeches to parliament. Of the 61 speeches that are handed down under his name, the most famous are his political speeches, such as "The Impeachment of Philip, I to III." His style was initially harmonious and refined under the influence of Isocrates, but gradually his passionate individuality burst forth, and his profoundness and excitement overwhelmed people. After the death of Alexander the Great, he again campaigned against Macedonia, but failed and was pursued, leading to his suicide by taking poison.

Demosthenes
Dēmosthenēs

[raw]?
[Died] 413 BCE
A Greek Athenian general who played an active role in the Peloponnesian War. In 426 BC, he failed to capture the Corinthian colonies of Leuca and Boeotia. However, he later gained fame for his defense of Naupactus and two major victories at Orphae and Idomene in Amphilochia. In 425 BC, he led a naval force to capture Pylos in Messenia, and together with Cleon, he defeated the Spartan army at Sphacteria, capturing a group of hoplites (hoplites). The following year, he failed to capture Megara and Boeotia. In 413 BC, he was sent to Syracuse to aid Nicias, but failed in a night attack on Epipolae, missed the opportunity to retreat, surrendered, and was executed. Although he was a capable soldier, he did not enter the political arena and was known as a strategist.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]前384/前383. アテネ，パイアニア
[没]前322. カラウリア(現ポロス)島
古代ギリシア最大の雄弁家。イサイオスの門に学んでから法廷演説家として出発し，やがて政界に入り，特に愛国者として反マケドニア運動の先頭に立ち，力と情熱を傾けた議会演説によって祖国の奮起を促した。彼の名で伝わる 61編の演説のうちで特に有名なものは，『フィリッポス弾劾・第1～第3』 Philippikaをはじめとする政治演説で，その文体は初めはイソクラテスの影響で調和と洗練を示したが，次第に情熱的な個性がほとばしり，重厚さと盛上がりによって人を圧するものとなった。アレクサンドロス大王の死後再び反マケドニア運動を行い，失敗して追及を受け，服毒自殺した。

デモステネス
Dēmosthenēs

[生]?
[没]前413
古代ギリシア，アテネの将軍。ペロポネソス戦争で活躍。前 426年コリントの植民市レウカおよびボイオチア攻略に失敗。しかしその後，ナウパクトス防衛とアムフィロキアのオルパエとイドメネでの二大勝利により令名をはせた。前 425年には海軍を率いて，メッセニアのピュロスを占拠し，クレオンとともにスファクテリアにあったスパルタ軍を破り，重装歩兵 (ホプリタイ ) の一団を捕虜にした。翌年メガラ，ボイオチア攻略に失敗。前 413年ニキアス援助のため，シラクサに派遣されたが，エピポラエ夜襲に失敗，退却の機を逸して降伏，処刑された。有能な軍人ではあったが，政治の場に立つことはなく，戦略家として知られた。

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