Straight line

Japanese: 直線 - ちょくせん
Straight line

A straight line is a line that can be drawn by pulling a string taut. However, a straight line itself cannot be defined. A straight line is determined by its relationship with other figures, such as when two different points determine a line, or when two planes intersect. "A line has length but no width or thickness." Also, seemingly contradictory explanations such as "a line moves to form a surface" are given, but when constructing geometry axiomatically, points, lines, and planes are so-called undefined predicates, and their interrelationships are stated as axioms. When considering the properties of figures, a line is drawn according to a ruler and considered as an expression of an idealized straight line. Only one straight line is determined by two different points. A line is divided into two parts by a point on the line, and each part is called a half line with that point as its endpoint. When two different points are taken on a line, the part of the line between the two points is called a line segment with those two points as its endpoints. All points on a line formed by two points on a plane are on that plane. The plane is divided into two parts by the line, and each part is called a half-plane, with the line as its boundary line. A line segment connecting two points on the same half-plane will not share a common point with the boundary line, but if you take points on different half-planes and connect them, they will always share a common point with the boundary line. Two lines on a plane will either have no common points (parallel), only one common point (intersect), or they will completely coincide. When two lines in space are not on the same plane, they are said to be twisted.

[Toshio Shibata]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

糸をぴんと引っ張ってできるようなまっすぐな線が直線である。といっても、直線そのものを定義することはできない。異なる2点で一つの直線が定まる、あるいは、二つの平面の交線である、などというように他の図形との相互関係によって直線が規定される。「線には長さはあるが幅も厚みもない」。また、「線が動いて面となる」など一見矛盾した説明もなされるが、幾何を公理的に構成するときは、点と直線と平面とは、いわゆる無定義述語であり、それらの相互関係が公理として述べられる。図形の性質を考えていくときは、定木(じょうぎ)に従って線を引いて、理想化された直線の表現として考えていく。異なる2点でただ一つの直線が定まる。直線上の1点によって直線は二つの部分に分けられ、それぞれを、その点を端点とする半直線という。直線上の異なる2点をとるとき、2点の間にある直線の部分をその2点を端点とする線分という。平面上の2点でできる直線上の点はすべてその平面上にある。平面はその直線によって二つの部分に分けられ、それぞれをその直線を境界線とする半平面という。同じ半平面上の2点を結ぶ線分は境界線と共有点はなく、異なる半平面上それぞれに点をとって結ぶと、境界線とかならず共有点がある。平面上の二直線については、共有点がないか(平行)、共有点がただ一つか(交わる)、あるいは完全に一致してしまう。空間の二直線が同一平面上にないとき、ねじれの位置にあるという。

[柴田敏男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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